tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65790339565012262542023-11-16T12:25:55.419+05:30Mullaperiyar - In search of truthThis blog is the final product of my dedicated research on the controversial Mullaperiyar Dam since 2006. This dam constructed in 1895, in lime surkhi mortar when dam engineering was at infancy, now hangs like a Damocles Sword over the lives and properties of millions of people in the Central Kerala region. Please be united to avert the doomsday!James Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03819240981315257975noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6579033956501226254.post-58535146294035006622011-11-29T06:05:00.002+05:302023-10-05T15:10:35.026+05:30Precautionary Principle<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In this post, I want to discuss about the ‘Precautionary
Principle’, which is the basis of the New Dam offered by the State of Kerala<b>.</b> State of Kerala strongly defending
our case for a New Dam before the Hon’ble Supreme Court and also before the
Hon’ble Empowered Committee citing this principle, which advocates prevention
is better than cure. As there is reasonable apprehensions about the imminent
danger and the possibility of a dam failure of archaic Mullaperiyar dam, the State
of Kerala should not take any chances with its people’s life, which it is duty
bound to protect under the Constitution of this great nation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The origin of the Precautionary Principle can be traced
back to Germany in the 1970s with the <i>Vorsogeprinzip.
</i>Translated as the ‘Foresight’ Principle, this broad principle is a
philosophical approach to risk prevention by taking protective measures against
specific environmental/safety hazards in order to avoid or reduce
environmental/safety risks. This approach was subsequently adopted in various
International agreements.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Precautionary Principle must be invoked:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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the scientific evidence for safety is insufficient, inconclusive or uncertain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Where
preliminary scientific evaluation suggests that effects on the environment,
health or safety may be unacceptable and/or inconsistent with the chosen level
of protection; and precautionary principle may be applied without waiting for
the reality and seriousness of those risks to become fully apparent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">This principle was laid down in the Rio de Janeiro
Declaration on Environment and Development of the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (1992), in which India is a signatory. The due
jurisprudence implied in the Rio instruments are international in impact and it
cannot be violated by signatories like <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Moreover, a number of important international conventions
have incorporated this principle, including conventions on Climate Change and
Biological Diversity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“States....must not wait for proof of harmful effects before taking action”
<i>(1984 Bermen Ministerial Declaration of
the International Conference on the Protection of the <st1:place w:st="on">North
Sea</st1:place>)<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“The
parties should take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize
the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse effects. Where there are
threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty
should not be used as a reason for postponing such measures” <i>(1992 Framework for Convention of Climate
Change, Art 3(3))<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Former Judge of Supreme Court Sri. V.R. Krishna Iyer, a
great humanist, had invited the attention of the nation through an article in
Hindu daily published in last year. In that article he pointed out that <i>“Mullaperiyar is a classic instance where
the precautionary principle of action cannot wait for a public calamity to
happen. The nation as a whole must raise its voice against a possible natural
calamity involving Mullaperiyar.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">He also cited a recent judgement of Supreme Court of
India in <i>M.C. Mehta v. Union of India </i>(AIR 2004 SC 4033): <i>“In such matters [involving actions that
pose a threat of serious or irreversible damage], many a time the preferable
option is not clear. If an activity is allowed to go ahead, there could be
irreparable damage to the environment; if it is stopped, there could be
irreparable damage to economic interests. In case of doubt, however, protection
of environment should take precedence over economic interest. The Precautionary
Principle requires anticipatory action to be taken to prevent harm. This harm
can be prevented even on a reasonable suspicion. It is not always necessary
that there should be direct evidence of harm to the environment.” <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nothing in life is entirely risk free, and indeed science
cannot demonstrate freedom from risk, particularly from as yet known risks,
because ‘absence of evidence’ is not ‘evidence of absence’! There are
situations where engineers may disagree with one another. Some experts may
consider the condition of a dam to be marginally safer than what others say it
is. But nature has its own way, and experts’ expectations and calculations may
go awry. Once there is reasonable apprehensions about the imminent danger and
the possibility of a risk, the state should not take any chances. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">However sound the CWC’s and Tamil Nadu engineers’ opinion on the
structural safety of the Mullaperiyar dam may be, as engineers in IITs and Kerala
have expressed grave doubts about a tragic alternative scenario, no chances can
be taken. Responsible governments are duty-bound to protect and save the lives
of every citizen. In this background, Government of Kerala cannot sit idle
without taking appropriate and quick remedies to avoid a possible catastrophe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">I would like to sum up my short essay by citing two
examples from the international area wherein the precautionary principle was
implemented to ensure the safety of the people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Boyds Corner Dam is
the first concrete dam built in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>
in 1872. In 1980s, after the collapse of Tenton Dam, it was decided to review
the condition of that dam. There was divided opinion on the safety of the dam.
Some strongly believed that it was safe while others believed that it was unsafe. Despite opposition, the
Government of USA decided to construct a new dam and the Boyds Dam was demolished
and rebuilt in 1990.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Decommissioning of
Old <st1:state w:st="on">Victoria</st1:state> dam in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Australia</st1:place></st1:country-region> is an example of how a
century old unsafe dam of almost the same age and built using similar
technology as that of Mullaperiyar dam was treated in a developed country. This
dam was constructed in 1891 with lime concrete like Mullaperiyar dam in
1895. In 1966, the Dam witnessed lot of
seepages, which is also the case in Mullaperiyar dam. Certain strengthening
measures were carried out to the <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Victoria</st1:place></st1:state>
dam, which were found to be inadequate in 1988. Therefore the authorities concerned
decided to decommission the dam in April 1990. In its place, a new <st1:state w:st="on">Victoria</st1:state> dam has already been constructed, which now
supplies drinking water to the city of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Perth</st1:city></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Considering all the above international covenants and precautionary
actions adopted, Government of Kerala has decided to construct a new dam
downstream of the existing Mullaperiyar dam to ensure the safety of its
citizens and also for ensuring the continued supply of water to the needy
farmers of our neighbouring State of Tamil Nadu. This has been now endorsed by
our Legislative Assembly through a unanimous resolution. We have conveyed this
assurance several times to Government of Tamil Nadu and Government of India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Fax","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">I hope Tamil Nadu Government will understand and
sensitive to the fear and concerns of the people living downstream of
Mullaperiyar dam (who are the legitimate riparian donors of the water to Tamil
Nadu’s agricultural prosperity) for a dialogue on exploring the possibility of
risk reduction from the old dam and as well as extend their co-operation for a New
Dam. Be proactive rather than being obstructive!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">SUBSCRIBE TO:</div>James Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03819240981315257975noreply@blogger.com20tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6579033956501226254.post-33708384688839300502011-11-26T23:58:00.001+05:302014-11-30T18:16:26.293+05:30Litigation History<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;">This blog post
detail with the latest litigation started during 1997-98 and end in a Supreme
Court judgment allowed Tamil Nadu to store water up to 142ft in Mullaperiyar
reservoir. In the earlier arbitration litigation in 1930-40, Travnacore won the
arbitration proceedings, where Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer himself argued before
the Arbitrators and Umpire.</span><br />
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br />
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WRIT PETITIONS BEFORE HIGH COURTS</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">During 1997-98, A.G. Sojan, Devassia
Joseph, and Sajan Kolath & Anthr filed writ petitions before the High Court
of Kerala to reject the request of Tamil Nadu Government to raise the water
level in Mullaperiyar reservoir from 136 ft. R. Sundaram, a
Contractor from Tamil Nadu also filed a writ petition in Kerala High Court
to issue directions to facilitate to carry out his work in respect of
Mullaperiyar Dam. Meanwhile, similar petitions were filed in Madras High Court
by Dr. Subramoniam Swamy, R.K. Ramachandran, Periyar-Vaigai Single Crop
Cultivating Agriculturist Society and A. Suresh filed writ petitions before
High Court of Madras to raise the water level in Mullaperiyar reservoir up to
152 ft. Dr. Subramoniam Swamy filed a transfer petition before the
Supreme Court of India on 5<sup>th</sup> August 1998 citing that there is
a possibility of conflicting orders being passed by the High Courts and hence
requested that the entire cases may be transferred to Supreme Court.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">TRANSFER PETITIONS TO SUPREME COURT</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The issue was come up for hearing
before Supreme Court on 13/12/1999. Supreme Court directed both States to meet
and hold talks for the settlement of the issue and reported back to Court.
Accordingly a Chief Minister level meeting was held between Kerala and Tamil
Nadu on 5/04/2000 at Thiruvananthapuram, but no consensus was reached. The
issue came up for hearing before Supreme Court on 28/04/2000. The Court
directed the Union Minister for Water Resources, Government of India to convene
a meeting of both Chief Ministers in order to explore the possibilities of
sorting out the differences between two States within two months. Accordingly,
a meeting was convened by Central Government with both State Governments on
19/05/2000 at New Delhi. Mean while, in 2001, the Mullaperiyar
Environmental Protection Forum filed a Writ Petition (Civil) No. 386 before the
Hon'ble Supreme Court of India seeking the Lease Deed of 1886 and Supplemental
Agreements of 1970 are null and void on various legal ground.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">EXPERT COMMITTEE OF 2000</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Consequent to this, Ministry of Water
Resources constituted a seven member committee under the chairmanship of Member
(D&R), CWC including one representative nominated by each State to study
the issue related to Mullaperiyar on 14/06/2000. Kerala Government had a lot of
apprehensions about the terms of reference of the Committee and the matter was
taken up with the Union Government. At the insistence of the Supreme Court,
Government of Kerala had nominated Sri. M.K. Parameswaran Nair, Retd. Member
(Civil), KSEB as its representative. In 16/09/2000, the Supreme Court of India
directed the Committee shall meet within four weeks and to submit their report
within three weeks from the date of first meeting.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Accordingly the Committee headed by
Dr. B.K. Mittal, Member (D&R), CWC inspected the Mullaperiyar dam on
10/10/2000 and had its first meeting on 10/11.10.2000. The Committee decided
that subject to the review of PMF and after checking the designs of baby dam,
if found within allowable limits, the reservoir water level can be raised to
145ft on a majority opinion. The nominee from Kerala signed the above minutes
with his dissenting note strongly disagreeing with the above suggestion to
increase of FRL from 136ft. The Committee finalised its report on March 2001
and submitted that to the Supreme Court. The Committee recommended on a
majority opinion (except Kerala nominee) that the dam would be safe for raising
the reservoir water level up to 142 feet. It also recommended that the
strengthening measures for the baby dam and earthen bund as suggested by CWC
should be carried out at the earliest.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">SUPREME COURT JUDGEMENT OF 27<sup>TH</sup> FEBRUARY
2006</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">After prolonged arguments, Supreme
Court of India (a three member bench headed by the Chief Justice of India) on
27/02/2006 permitted the water level in the reservoir to 142 feet relying on
the findings of the Mittal Committee report (Judgement of 2006 can be had from
here: <a href="http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1649309/" target="_blank">http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1649309/</a>).
The Court also directed to Government of Kerala not to obstruct in carrying out
strengthening measures for baby dam and earthen bund, as suggested by the CWC.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">While delivering the above Judgement,
Supreme Court had also observed that:</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br />
<ol>
<li><i><span style="font-size: large;">Section 108 of State
Re-organisation Act 1956 which upheld the continuation of the
pre-constitutional agreements pertaining to water and electric power are
constitutionally valid.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: large;">The rising of FRL in
Mullaperiyar is not an inter state water dispute and hence Supreme Court is
competent hear the case. The barring of Supreme Court in the case of inter
state water issues as per Article 262 read with Section 11 of the Inter-State
Water Disputes Act, 1956 is not applicable in this case.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: large;">It was also held that
the Supreme Court is not barred to hear Mullaperiyar issue since it does not
attract provisions of Article 363. Article 363 bars Supreme Court to hear any
dispute arising out of any provision of an agreement entered into or executed
before the commencement of the Constitution. Supreme Court held that the
Article 363 was provided to make certain class of agreements non-justiciable
and to prevent the Indian Rulers from resiling from such agreements because
that would have affected the integrity of India.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: large;">It also held that the
above dispute is not liable to arbitration since Mullaperiyar dispute because
the arbitration clause in the Lease Deed permits arbitration only about the
rights, duties and obligations or interpretation of any part of the agreement.
The Court observed that the present issue is not such an issue.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-size: large;">It was held that the
raising of water level of the reservoir from 136 ft to 142 ft could result not
result in degradation of environment and will not attract provisions of Forest
(Conservation) Act, 1980 and Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. Instead it was
held that the raising of water level will increase the carrying capacity of the
wild life and will improve the environment.</span></i></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AMENDMENT ACT OF 2006</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Meanwhile, Kerala Legislature amended
the Kerala Irrigation and Water (Conservation) Act during March 2006. In the
amended act, along with other 22 dams, Mullaperiyar dam was designated as a
Scheduled dam and its FRL was restricted to 136ft. Also, the powers of the Dam
Safety Authority has been enhanced. Amended Act was published in the official
gazette on 18/03/2006.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ORIGINAL SUIT 3 OF 2006</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Subsequent to this, Tamil Nadu filed
an Original Suit in the Hon’ble Supreme Court (OS No. 3 of 2006) on 31<sup>st</sup> March
2006 against the provisions of the amended act in its application to the
Mullaperiyar. Their main contention was that as per Section 108 of State
Reorganization Act, 1956 Kerala State Legislature is not at all competent to
impose restrictions over Mullaperiyar dam and also prayed to declare the said
act unconstitutional.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">DISCUSSIONS BETWEEN THE STATES</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">When the case came for hearing on 25<sup>th</sup> September
2006, the Hon. Supreme Court directed that <i>“the two state governments,
independently or with the intervention of Union of India may try to sort out,
if possible, the dispute.”</i></span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Accordingly, the two Chief Ministers
held talks on 29<sup>th</sup> November 2006 at New Delhi in the presence
of Union Minister of Water Resources. In continuation of the above meeting, one
more meeting was convened by the Union Minister for Water Resources between the
Water Resources Ministers of both States on 18<sup>th</sup> December 2006
at New Delhi. In the above meetings, Government of Kerala offered a new dam,
which would ensure safety to the people of Kerala as well as continued supply
of water to Tamil Nadu as permanent solution to this dispute. But Government of
Tamil Nadu was not ready to accept the above solution and hence the discussions
ended in a deadlock.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">FRAMING OF ISSUES</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">After hearing both parties, the
Hon’ble Supreme Court framed issues on the Original Suit on 13<sup>th</sup> December
2007. The eleven issues framed by the Court are as following:</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">1. Whether
the suit is maintainable under Article 131 of the Constitution of India?</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2. (a)
Whether the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act 2006 is
unconstitutional and ultra vires, in its application to and effect on the
Mullai Periyar Dam?</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> (b) Whether plaintiff is entitled to a
permanent injunction restraining the first defendant from applying and
enforcing the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006
with reference to Mullai Periyar Dam?</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">3. Whether
the rights of the plaintiff, crystalised in the Judgment dated 27.02.2006
passed by this Court in WP(C) NO.386/2001 can be nullified by a legislation
made by the Kerala State Legislature?</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">4. (a)
Whether the judgment dated 27.2.2006 of this Court in WP(C) No.286/2001
operates as res judicata, in respect of all or any of the defences set up by
the first defendant in its written statement?</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(b) Whether the pleas relating to validity and
binding nature of the deed dated 29.10.1886, the nature of Periyar River,
structural safely of Mullai Periyar Dam etc. raised by the first defendant in
its defence, are finally decided by the judgment of this Court dated 27.2.2006
in WP(C) No.386/2001, and consequently first defendant is barred from raising
or reagitating those issues and pleas in this suit, by the principle of res
judicata and constructive res judicata?
</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">5. Whether
the suit based on a legal right claimed under the lease deed executed between
the Government of the Maharaja of Travancore and the Secretary of State for
India on 29.10.1886, is barred by the proviso to Article 131 of the
Constitution of India?</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">6. Whether
the first defendant is estopped from raising the plea that the deed dated
29.10.1886 has lapsed, in view of subsequent conduct of the first defendant and
execution of the supplemental agreements dated 29.05.1970 ratifying the various
provisions of the original Deed dated 29.10.1886?</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">7. Whether
the lease deed executed between the Government of the Maharaja of Travancore
and Secretary of State for India on 29.10.1886 is valid, binding on first
defendant and enforceable by plaintiff against the first defendant?</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">8. Whether
the first defendant is estopped from contending that Periyar River is not an
inter-State river?</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">9. Whether
the offer of the first defendant, to construct a new dam across River Periyar
in the downstream region of Mullai Periyar Dam would meet the ends of justice
and requirements of plaintiff?</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">10. Whether
the first defendant can obstruct the plaintiff from increasing the water level
of Mullai Periyar Dam to 142 ft. and from carrying out repair works as per the
judgment dated 27.2.2006 of this Court in WP(C) No.386/2001?</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">11. To
what relief is the plaintiff entitled to?”</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">EVIDENCE BEFORE JUSTICE ANIL DEV
COMMISSION</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Subsequent to this both parties filed
the documents by May 2008. State of Tamil Nadu filed one affidavit of Sri. R.
Subramanian, Vice-Chairman of Cauvery Technical Cell. While State of Kerala
filed five affidavits of the following witnesses.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">1. Sri. V. K.
Mahanudevan, Superintending Engineer, Siruvani Project Circle, Palakkad.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2. Dr. A. K.
Gosain, Professor, Civil Engineering Department, IIT, Delhi</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">3. Sri. K.
Jayakumar, Additional Chief Secretary, Water Resources Department, Government
of Kerala.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">4. Sri. M. K.
Parameswaran Nair, Chairman, Mullaperiyar Special Cell</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">5. Dr.
Dhrubajyothi Gosh, Chairman, National Expert Committee for Assessment of the
Ecological Impact of Water Level increase in Mullaperiyar Dam.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">On 21<sup>st</sup> July 2008, the court
appointed Hon’ble Justice Anil Dev Singh, Retired Chief Justice of Rajasthan
High Court as the Commission for taking evidence in the case. The cross
examination of the witnesses was started on 13<sup>th</sup> August 2008
and was completed on 2<sup>nd</sup>September 2008.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> HEARING BEFORE DIVISION BENCH OF SUPREME
COURT</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The case was listed for hearing before the three
bench panel headed Hon’ble Justice Arijit Pasayath on 10<sup>th</sup> February
2008 to 12<sup>th</sup> February 2008. Senior Counsel Harish Salve, who
appeared for the State of Kerala, apprised the Court about the Probable Maximum
Flood studies conducted by the IIT, Delhi and the possible threat to the
Mullaperiyar Dam. In the above context, the Hon’ble Court wanted to know the
opinion of the two States for referring the IIT report for assessment by an
independent agency. Even though State of Tamil Nadu agreed for the above
suggestion during the hearing, the very next day, they informed the Court
that <i>“they were not agreeable to the suggestion. They would take a
ruling from this court instead of the matter going before another
Committee.” </i>The Court listed the matter for further hearing on 31<sup>st</sup> March
2008. It was informed by the Counsels for the parties that the hearing of the
case would at least take 7 to 8 days to finish. As the Hon’ble Justice Arijit
Pasayath was retiring on May 2008, the case was adjourned till a new bench is
constituted.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The new Bench headed by Hon’ble Justice D.K. Jain
(with Hon’ble Justice Mukundakam Sharma and Hon’ble Justice R.M. Lodha) heard
the case on 21<sup>st</sup><sub>,</sub> 22<sup>nd</sup> and 28<sup>th</sup> October
2009 and 4<sup>th</sup> and 5<sup>th</sup> November 2009.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">After hearing both parties Counsels at length, the
Hon’ble Court ordered that:</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">“…We are of the view that for deciding some of the
issues framed in the suit, it would be necessary to decide certain substantial
questions of law involving interpretation of the Constitution, in particular :</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
(i) Articles 3 and 4 read with Article 246 of the Constitution;</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
(ii) Article 131 read with Article 32 of the Constitution;</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
(iii) Proviso to Article 131 read with Articles 295 and 363 of the Constitution
and the effect of the Constitution (26th Amendment) Act, 1971; and</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
(iv) The effect of decision of this Court in Mullaperiyar Environmental
Protection Forum vs. Union of India & Ors., (2006) 3 SCC 643 in the context
of aforereferred constitutional provisions..</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">As the
case involves the
resolution of the said questions, the suit may be
placed before the Hon'ble Chief Justice of India for necessary directions for
placing it before a Constitution Bench.”</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">HEARING BEFORE CONSTITUTION BENCH OF
SUPREME COURT</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The case was listed before the
Constitution Bench headed by Hon’ble Justice D.K. Jain (with with Hon’ble
Justice Mukundakam Sharma, Hon’ble Justice R.M. Lodha, Hon’ble Justice B.
Sudarsan Reddy and Hon’ble Justice Deepak Varma) on 20<sup>th</sup> January
2010. The case was heard on 20<sup>th</sup>, 21<sup>st</sup>, 27<sup>th</sup> and
28<sup>th</sup> January 2010 and 2<sup>nd</sup>, 4<sup>th</sup>, 16<sup>th</sup>,
17<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> February 2010.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">After hearing both the parties, the
Hon’ble Court ordered that:</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">“…We have heard Mr. K. Parasaran, learned Senior
Counsel for State of Tamil Nadu, and Mr. Harish N. Salve, learned Senior
Counsel for State of Kerala, at some length. Regard being had to the nature of
controversy, we are of the opinion that before we proceed further in this case,
it would be appropriate to call for a report from an Empowered Committee on all
the issues that arise in relation to the Mullai Periyar Dam and the concerns
raised by both the States in relation thereto.</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> It may be noticed that apart from the legal
and constitutional issues, inter alia, the real grievance that concerns the
State of Tamil Nadu is of not being able to increase reservoir level of Mullai
Periyar Dam to 142 feet. The concern of
the State of Kerala, on the other hand, appears to be relating to the safety of
the Dam. While the State of Tamil Nadu had submitted that in the present
suit they seek invalidation of the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation
(Amendment) Act, 2006 that seeks to override the judgment of this Court in the
previous case, the State of Kerala had submitted, amongst other things, that
there are genuine concerns as to the safety of Mullai Periyar Dam, and that
they have also offered to build a New Dam at their cost which will ensure that
there is no fall in the water drawals of the State of Tamil Nadu, and that
their law is valid.</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Before we consider the matter further, we direct as
under:</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">(1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
Central Government shall, within four weeks from today,
set up, by notification
in the Official Gazette, an Empowered Committee
comprising of Hon'ble Dr. A.S. Anand, former Chief Justice of India, as the
Chairman;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">(2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
Empowered Committee shall consist of five members, including the Chairman. The
other four members shall be –</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-indent: -27.8pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(a)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> <i>One
member to be nominated by the State of Tamil Nadu in consultation with the
Chairman.</i></span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> (b) One member to be
nominated by the State of Kerala in consultation with the Chairman.</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> (c) Two renowned
technical experts not connected with the dispute to be nominated by the Central
Government in consultation with the Chairman.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(3) The Central Government shall
set up the Committee and also appoint a Member Secretary, in consultation with
the Chairman, within two weeks from today.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(4) The
Central Government shall
make available the necessary
infrastructure to facilitate the working of
the Committee, and shall
bear all expenses thereof, including those
relating to remuneration of the members of the Committee.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(5) We would request the Committee
to hear parties to the suit on all issues that will be raised before
them, without being limited to the issues that have been raised before us, and
furnish a report, as far as possible, within six months from their
constitution.</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> The Committee shall frame its own procedure
and issue appropriate directions as to the hearings as well as venue of its
sittings. The Registry shall make a set of the record of this case, and
transmit it to the Committee for its assistance. The Committee
is free to receive such further evidence as it considers appropriate.</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Needless to clarify that the legal and
constitutional issues, including the validity of the amendment Act, 2006 are
matters that would be considered by us.”</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Even though State of Tamil Nadu filed
an IA to recall the above order, the Hon’ble Court dismissed the above
application on 29<sup>th</sup> March 2010 and directed the Union of India
to form the Empowered Committee before 30<sup>th</sup> April 2010.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">EMPOWERED COMMITTEE</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Central Government constituted an
Empowered Committee, which was published in the official gazettet on 30<sup>th</sup> April
2010. The Empowered Committee consists of Hon’ble Justice Dr. A.S. Anand,
Former Chief Justice of India, Hon’ble Justice K.T. Thomas, Former Supreme
Court Justice (Kerala Nominee), Hon’ble Justice A.R. Lakshmanan, Former Supreme
Court Justice (Tamil Nadu Nominee), Dr. C.D. Thattee, Former Union Water
Resources Secretary and Chairman, CWC (Govt. of India Nominee) and D.K. Mehta,
Former Chief Engineer, CWC (Govt. of India Nominee).</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The Empowered Committee had their
first meeting on 14<sup>th</sup> June 2010 at New Delhi. After
deliberations, the Committee issued notices through dailies inviting Memorandum
containing views/suggestions from parties of OS No. 3 of 2006.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The Empowered Committee in its next
sitting on 23<sup>rd</sup> August 2010, permitted both States, to submit
additional documents and list of witnesses they wanted to examine within 15
days. They also instructed both parties to submit a Brief Submission to their
respective cases not more than 3 pages. Accordingly State of Kerala filed
additional documents including the Structural Stability Analysis of
Mullaperiyar Dam carried out by IIT, Roorkee and also the application for
producing three witnesses viz. Dr. D.K. Paul, Professor, Earthquake Engg. Dept,
IIT, Roorkee Dr. M.L. Sharma, Professor, Earthquake Engg. Dept, IIT, Roorkee
and Dr. A. Komalavalli Amma, Former Chief Engineer, Irrigation Department,
Kerala.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ISSUES SETTLED BY THE EMPOWERD
COMMITTEE</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The Empowered Committee again met on
15<sup>th</sup> October 2010. The Committee has settled the following
issues for their consideration.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-indent: -1cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">1. <i>Which
strengthening measures as suggested by CWC have already been carried out by the
State of Tamil Nadu for the dam, each of the two: main and the baby dam
components, to ensure its safety and stability based on the investigations so
far carried out?<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-indent: -1cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2. Which remaining measures from amongst those suggested by CWC are
yet to be carried out by the State of Tamil Nadu for the safety and stability
of the Dam and when they be undertaken and completed?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-indent: -1cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">3. Has
the State of Kerala complied with the suggestions and recommendations made by
the CWC about strengthening the Dam and taken appropriate steps in that behalf?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-indent: -1cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">4. Should the reservoir level be raised from 136 ft? If yes, what
further measures for strengthening the existing dam, do the two parties
envisage, to allow the raising of water level from 136 ft to 142 ft and beyond?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-indent: -1cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">5. Since
the State of Kerala for safety and stability concerns of the existing dam and
downstream population in the event of the dam failure and stability, wants to
build a new dam at its own expense, the Committee seeks answers from the two
parties to the following questions about the fall out of such proposal.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">a)</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> <i>How
much time will the State of Kerala take to carry out survey, feasibility
studies, preparation of DPR, tying of finances, obtain clearance and
construction for the new dam?</i></span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">b)</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> <i>Who
would have control of the New Dam and be responsible for its operation and
maintenance, ie, the State of Tamil Nadu or the State of Kerala?</i></span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">c) Whether and how the existing dam
would continue to supply water to the State of Tamil Nadu during the
construction of the new dam and till it becomes functional.</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">d)</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
<i>Would the construction of the new dam in any way affect the supply of water
for use by the State of Tamil Nadu, during or after its construction?</i></span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefdfa; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">While
responding to these issues, State of Kerala framed six additional issues for
consideration of the Empowered Committee:</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefdfa; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">1. What are the
needs of Tamil Nadu in the waters in the existing Mullaperiyar Dam? Does State
of Tamil Nadu suffer any injury, if the storage level of the existing
Mullaperiyar Dam is not raised beyond RL 136ft?</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefdfa; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2. Whether the
MWL of the Mullaperiyar Dam goes beyond RL 155ft submerging the lands which are
not a part of the Lease Deed of 1886? If so, to what extent?</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">3. Whether
increase of storages of the Mullaperiyar Dam beyond RL 136ft would
prejudicially affect the environment, ecology and biodiversity?</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefdfa; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">4. Whether the
downstream Idukki Dams would collapse if the Mullaperiyar Dam breaks? What will
be the consequent loss of lives and properties due to the collapse of
Mullaperiyar dam to both the States?</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefdfa; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">5. What benefits
would accrue to both the States of Kerala and Tamil Nadu from the diversion of
Periyar Waters under the alleged Lease Deed of 1886 and Supplemental Agreements
of 1970?</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">6. Whether
Periyar River is an interstate river?</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The Empowered Committee carried out
various tests and studies through CWC, CWPRS, CSMRS and some private
institutions. Kerala’s demand to cross examine Dr. D.K. Paul and Dr. M.L.
Sharma, Professors of IIT, Roorkee, who conducted the seismic safety of
Mullaperiyar Dam is summarily rejected by the Empowered Committee. Even though
State of Kerala demanded that the investigations/tests/study reports relied by
them must be disclosed to State of Kerala and must give an opportunity to hear
them on the veracity of the above reports, Empowered Committee rejected the
above request.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefdfa; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The
Empowered Committee filed its Report before the Hon’ble Supreme Court in April
2012. In their Report they held that based on the tests, investigations
and studies conducted by them that the Old Mullaperiyar Dam is hydrologically,
seismically and structurally safe for holding water upto 142 ft.</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefdfa; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">After
holding that, the Old Mullaperiyar Dam is safe, the EC, in Chapter VIII under
the heading “Way Forward Towards An Amicable Solution” has suggested
construction of new dam as the ‘First Alternative.’ The observations of EC in
this regard are extracted below:</span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">“1.
That the SoK may construct a new dam,
at its own expense to serve its own perceptions, if techno-economically cleared
by the Planning Commission and cleared by the MoEF in accordance of their
regulations. The construction of the new dam, giving due margin for inflation
etc may cost of the exchequer more than Rupees One Thousand Crores. The
statutory clearences, fixing of a construction agency, preliminary works, the
actual construction and decommissioning with demolishing of existing dam is
likely to take 8 to 10 years. The existing dam shall not be dismantled,
demolished or decommissioned till the new dam construction is completed and it
becomes operational. Till such time, the rights of the SoTN in the existing dam
to all waters of Mullaperiyar Dam arising out of the lease deed of 1886 and the
Agreements of 1970, shall be fully honoured.</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2.</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> <i>However, the
operation of the new dam would commence only after:</i></span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2(a)
A fresh MOU is executed between the SoK and the SoTN</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2(b)
That to control, manage, operate, maintain and regulate the waters of the new
dam, an independent committee/Board, to be chaired by a representative of the
Union of India, with representatives of the SoK and the SoTN as its members, is
put in place;</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2(c)
That the terms of rent/levies etc payable by the SoTN to the SoK are settled
and the power generation rights of the two states are settled beforehand;</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2(d)
That before construction of the new dam and till its commissioning, the
existing dam will be strengthened by the measures suggested by the CWC,
including Dam Safety requirements as already voiced, which still remain to be
carried out.</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2(e)
That the SoTN will be entitled to all its existing rights including all water
levels under the Lease Deed of 1886 and Agreement of 1970.</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2(f)
That the decommissioning or demolition of the existing dam would be subject to
the conditions 2(a) to 2(e) being met by the two Party States.</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2(g)
The Empowered Committee had made the suggestion to the two States during the
hearing on 2<sup>nd</sup> January 2012. Learned counsel for the parties
had sought time to consult the States and file their responses. Counsel for the
parties later gave their responses in general terms, but there has been no
direct response or opposition to the alternatives suggested.”</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">After the Empowered
Committee submitted their report to the Supreme Court, the parties were
supplied the Report by the Hon’ble Court on 4<sup>th</sup> May 2012. Subsequent
to this State of Kerala approached the Supreme Court citing that the study
reports relied by EC is not supplied to them and they need to study them to
respond the EC Report. Hon’ble Court agreed with Kerala’s prayer and directed
on 23<sup>rd</sup> July 2012, that the Registry must make arrangements to
supply the copies of the above reports (40 Nos.) to both States.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Finally, the Constitution
Bench of the Supreme Court headed by Hon’ble Justice R.M. Lodha (with Hon’ble
Justices H.L. Duttu, Chandramauli Kr. Prasad, Madan B. Lokur and M.K. Eqbal)
started hearing on Mullaperiyar case on 23<sup>rd</sup> July 2013. The Bench
heard State of Tamil Nadu for 4 and half days and heard State of Kerala for 5
and half days. The hearing was over on 21<sup>st</sup> August 2013 and the
judgment was reserved.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">SUBSCRIBE TO:</div>James Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03819240981315257975noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6579033956501226254.post-41771920989941144652011-11-26T23:43:00.001+05:302011-12-08T23:42:59.163+05:30Mullaperiyar Dam - Technical Details<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">River Periyar originates from the Western Ghats in ‘Sundara Malai’ in the Sivagiri group of hills at an elevation of about 1830m above MSL. From its origin, it traverses through an immense cliff of rocks in a northerly direction receiving several rivulets in its course. About 48 Km downstream, the Mullayar joins the main River at an elevation of 845m above MSL and the River then flows westwards. About 11 Km downstream of the above confluence, the river passes through a narrow gorge. A dam was constructed at this gorge to intercept the flow and it got christened as ‘Mullaperiyar dam’, which received the above title from the rivers Mullayar and Periyar. The dam have a catchment area of 624 square kilometres, which lies completely inside Kerala territory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The Mullaperiyar dam is having a length of 1200 feet and a height of 155 feet from the river bed and the height from the deepest foundation is 176ft. The front and rear faces of the dam are of uncoursed rubble masonry in lime, surki and sand mortar. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;">The hearting is of lime surkhi concrete with 3.125 parts of stone and 1 part of mortar. The proportion of lime surkhi mortar is 2 parts of lime, 1 part of surkhi and 3 parts of sand.The central core constructed with lime surkhi concrete occupies about 60% of the total volume of the dam. As part of the strengthening measures suggested an RCC capping was added to the top of the dam. Also a 10 m concrete backing was provided to the downstream side, but the joint between the old dam and the new dam remain ungrouted even though shear keys were provided.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The main dam is having two saddles on the left and right banks. The left bank saddle of 483 feet length was closed by means of a masonry dam named ‘baby dam’ of length 240 feet and height of 47 feet and the remaining portion by an ‘earthen bund’. The baby dam is also designed as a solid gravity dam constructed in similar fashion as the main dam. The right bank saddle is converted as a surplus arrangement by providing 10 vents of 36ftx10ft and 3 additional new vents with 40ftx10ft with a crest level of 136 feet.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The Mullaperiyar reservoir was conceived in 1886 with an FRL of 144ft <i>(Please See 'History of Periyar Project by A.T. Mackenzie, 1899). </i>But in 1908 after 13 years after completion of the project, the FRL was raised from 144ft to 152ft without the concurrence of Travancore. This FRL was reduced to 150ft in 1964 and then to 145 ft in 1978 and further to 136ft in 1979 due to safety concerns. The gross and live storages of the Mullaperiyar reservoir at various levels are given below for a quick glance:</span><br />
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Full Reservoir Level in feet<o:p></o:p></div>
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Gross Storage in TMC<o:p></o:p></div>
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Live Storage in TMC<o:p></o:p></div>
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136<o:p></o:p></div>
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11.210<o:p></o:p></div>
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6.118<o:p></o:p></div>
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142<o:p></o:p></div>
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12.758<o:p></o:p></div>
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7.666<o:p></o:p></div>
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144<o:p></o:p></div>
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13.299<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
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8.207<o:p></o:p></div>
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152<o:p></o:p></div>
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15.662<o:p></o:p></div>
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10.570<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The average inflow data for the last 50 years (1960-2009) shows that 23.5 TMC while the 50% dependable flow is 22.2 TMC. While the 75% and 90% dependable inflows for the same period is 18.5 TMC and 14.1 TMC respectively <i>(1 TMC, ie, Thousand Million Cubic Feet = 28.317 Million Cubic Meter). [Source: Tamil Nadu Public Works Department Records]</i><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;">The diversion data shows that Tamil Nadu had diverted 20.67 TMC on an average </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;">basis </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;">(1963-2010) and the 75% dependable diversion for the same period was 17.76 TMC. <i>(Source: Tamil Nadu Public Works Department Records)</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The water from the Periyar Lake is taken through an open cutting having a length of 5342 ft and a bed width of 21 ft. Then the water is controlled through a tunnel, which is regulated by a head sluice at the entry of tunnel. The tunnel is of height 12ft and length of 5887 ft with a sectional area of 150 sq. ft and is now capable of discharging 2100 cusecs. But normal operation conditions only 1600 cusecs are drawn through this tunnel.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Then the water is collected after at a fore bay dam of capacity of just 3.2 Mcft and from there water is taken through a power tunnel of length 3992 feet with a discharge capacity of 1600 cusecs. This forebay dam is also provided with an irrigation sluice to discharge waters exclusively to Cumbum Valley. The power tunnel terminates at a surge shaft and from there the water is taken through 4 penstock pipes each with a discharge capacity of 400 cusecs to the Lower Camp Power House (4x35 MW) which generates 500 Million Units (MU) of electricity annually.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">After power generation, the tail waters are discharged into Vairavanar, a tributary of the Suriliyar River, which is a tributary of Vaigai River. The tailwaters thus released are then collected at the Vaigai Reservoir and then released for irrigation purpose. The gross command area envisaged for the Project is 90,000 acres for the first crop and 60,000 acres for the second crop <i>(Ref – History of Periyar Project, A.T. Mackenzie, 1898).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">SUBSCRIBE TO:</div>James Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03819240981315257975noreply@blogger.com24tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6579033956501226254.post-70772975299969512592011-11-26T18:29:00.006+05:302011-12-09T06:31:44.374+05:30Supplemental Agreements of 1970<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 17pt; line-height: 115%;">Agreement Amending the Periyar Lease Deed of 1886 <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 17pt; line-height: 115%;">dated 29<sup>th</sup> May 1970<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This Agreement is executed on this the twenty ninth day of May One thousand nine hundred and seventy BETWEEN the Governor of Kerala (hereinafter referred to as 'the Government of Kerala' which expression shall, where the context so admits, include his successors in office and assigns) of the one part and the Governor of Tamil Nadu (hereinafter referred to as 'the Government of Tamil Nadu' which expression shall, where the context so admits, include his successors in Office and assigns) of the other part.</span><br />
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WHEREAS by a lease deed executed on the twenty ninth day of October One thousand eight hundred and eighty six (hereinafter referred to as 'the Principal Deed') certain properties in the erstwhile State of Travancore were leased out to the Government of the erstwhile province of Madras in connection with the Periyar Irrigation Project subject to the terms, conditions and covenants therein contained;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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WHEREAS the rights, liabilities and obligations of the parties under the Principal Deed have devolved on the Government of Kerala and the Government of Tamil Nadu they being successors in interest;<br />
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WHEREAS the Government of Tamil Nadu have agreed to surrender to the Government of Kerala their rights of fishing in, over and upon the waters, tanks and ponds in the land comprised in the said lease hold and also to revise the conditions in the Principal Deed regarding the rate of acreage rent in the manner herein mentioned;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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WHEREAS the parties hereto are desirous to amend the Principal Deed in order to give effect to this agreement;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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AND WHEREAS These presents are supplemental to the Principal Deed;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS and the parties hereto mutually agree as follows:-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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1. The principal deed shall be read and construed as if:-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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(a) Clause 6 therein, namely;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i>“Sixthly the Right of Fishing in, over and upon such waters, tanks and ponds as now are or shall during the term hereby granted be upon or within any of the demised lands”</i> is deleted;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(b) in Clause 7, for the word <i>“Seventhly”</i> occurring at the beginning of the clause the word <i>“Sixthly”</i> is substituted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(c) In Clause 7, the words <i>“yielding and paying therefor by the same being deducted from the tribute from time to time payable by the lessor to the Government of India or Madras the yearly rent of forty thousand rupees of British India commencing from the day on which the waters of the said Periyar river now flowing into the said territory of Travancore shall by means of the said works be diverted and shall flow into British territory, the first of such payments to be made at the expiration of twelve calendar months from such last mentioned date and yielding and paying from the date from which the said yearly rent of forty thousand rupees of British India shall become payable and over and above the same the further yearly rent (herein after called acreage rent) after the rate of five rupees for of British India currency for every acre and so in proportion for a less quantity of the lands hereby demised and granted which on the completion of the said works shall be found on measurement to be included within the said contour line in excess of the said area of eight thousand acres the first of such payments of acreage rent to be made at the time and place when and where the said yearly rent shall become payable as hereinbefore provided and the lessee doth hereby covenant with the lessor that the lessee will pay to the lessor the several rents herein before reserved at the times hereinbefore appointed by allowing the same to be deducted from the tribute from time to time payable by the lessor as aforesaid”</i> shall be deleted and in their place the following words shall be substituted, namely – <i>“and the lessee doth hereby covenant with the lessor that the lessee will pay to the lessor yearly rent at the rate of Rs.30 (Rupees thirty only) for every acre of the said lands demised and granted within the said contour line including the 8,000 acres referred to in clause one and the first of such payment of yearly rent be made at the expiration of twelve calendar months from the due date of payment in the year one thousand nine hundred and sixty nine as per the Principal Deed and the lessee doth hereby covenant with the lessor that the rent alone herein mentioned shall be subject to revision once in every thirty years from the twenty ninth day of May one thousand nine hundred and seventy at such rate as may be mutually agreed upon and the lessee doth hereby covenant with the lessor that the lessee will pay to the lessor the yearly rent hereinbefore reserved or at such revised rent as the case may be.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(d) the words <i>“at the same yearly and acreage rent”</i>, occurring after the words <i>“will upon the request and at the expenses of the lessee forthwith execute and deliver to the lessee a renewed lease of the said premises for the further term of 999 years”</i>; and before the words <i>“and under and subject to the same covenant provisions” </i>shall be deleted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2. The Government of Kerala agree to exercise the right of fishing in the lands demised under the Principal Deed without affecting in any way the irrigation and power rights of the Government of Tamil Nadu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Save as varied as aforesaid the Principal Deed and all the conditions and covenants thereof shall remain in full force and effect.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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In witness whereof Shri K.P. VISWANATHAN NAIR, Secretary to Government of Kerala, Water and Power Department for and on behalf of the Governor of Kerala and Thiru K.S. SIVASUBRAHMANYAN, Secretary to Government of Tamil Nadu, Public Works Department for and on behalf of the Government of Tamil Nadu have hereunto set their hands the day and year first above written.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Signed by Shri K.P. VISWANATHAN NAIR, Secretary to Government of Kerala, Water and Power Department.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In the presence of witnesses:-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">R.GOPALASWAMY,<br />
Secretary to Government of Kerala,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Public Works Department.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">P. SANKUNNI MENON,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Secretary to Government of Kerala, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Law Department.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Signed by Thiru K. S. SIVASUBRAHMANYAN, Secretary to Government of Tamil Nadu, Public Works Department.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In the presence of witnesses:-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">THIRU R. RAMASUBRAMANIAN,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Secretary to the Government of Tamil Nadu,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Law Department.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">THIRU G. JAS,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Joint Secretary to the Government of Tamil Nadu, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Public Works Department.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 19pt;">Tamil Nadu- Kerala Agreement on <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 19pt;">Periyar Hydro-Electric Scheme<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 19pt;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 19pt;">Dated 29<sup>th</sup> may 1970<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">AGREEMENT made this the twenty-ninth day of May, one thousand nine hundred and seventy between the Governor of Kerala (hereinafter referred to as 'the Government of Kerala' which expression shall, where the context so admits, include his successors in office and assigns) of the one part and the Governor of Tamil Nadu (hereinafter referred to as 'the Government of Tamil Nadu' which expression shall, where the context so admits, include his successors in Office and assigns) of the other part.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">WHEREAS an indenture was made on the twenty-ninth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and eighty six <i>(hereinafter referred to as the “the principal deed”) </i>between the Maharaja of Travancore and the then Secretary of State for India in Council demising certain territory and waters of the erstwhile Travancore State to the then Government of Madras in connection with the Periyar Irrigation Project;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">AND WHEREAS a dispute that arose between the erstwhile Government of Travancore and the then Government of Madras on the issue whether the principal deed entitled the then Government of Madras to use the Periyar waters demised to them therein for generation of hydro-electric power was referred to an arbitration tribunal consisting of Sir David Devadoss an Ex-Judge of Madras High Court, and M. R. R. Y. Dewan Bahadur V.S. Subramoniya Aiyer Avergal, an Ex-Dewan of the Travancore State and the arbitrators who could not agree, each gave a separate award and the case was, in consequence, referred to an umpire, Sir Nalini Ranjan Chatterjee, and the umpirein his award dated the twelfth May, one thousand nine hundred and forty one declared as follows:-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>i.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">That, upon a construction of the principal deed, the lessee had the right to use the water for irrigation purposes only;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>ii.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">That the lessee had no right to use the water for any purpose other than irrigation; and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>iii.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">that supposing it was possible to use hydro-electric energy for carrying or distributing water or doing any other act in connection with irrigation, the lessee had the right to generate and use hydro electric energy for such irrigation purposes only;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">AND WHEREAS with a view to arriving at a settlement on the question of utilizing the said Periyar waters for the generation of hydro-electric power also, the representatives of the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin and the then Government of Madras had discussed the subject and had come to an agreement;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">AND WHEREAS this deed is supplemental to the principal deed;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">NOW these presents witness that the parties hereto have agreed in the manner following, that is to say:-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Government of Kerala hereby convey to the Government of Tamil Nadu the power rights in the said Periyar waters which, in the arbitration award of Sir Nalini Ranjan Chatterje dated the twelfth May, one thousand nine hundred and forty one were declared to vest in the erstwhile Government of Travancore and the Government of Tamil Nadu shall be at liberty to develop, at their own cost and for their exclusive benefit hydro-electric power for any purpose at the Periyar Power House from the waters of the Periyar river demised and granted to the then Government of Madras under the principal deed;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Government of Kerala hereby convey to the Government of Tamil Nadu full right, power and liberty to construct any headworks, tunnels, pumping installations, waterways, transmission, distribution and telephone lines, and such other appurtenances or works and camps for staff and labor which the Government of Tamil Nadu decide upon as necessary to be constructed in the territory of the Government of Kerala in connection with the generation of hydro-electric power at the Periyar Power House in the manner aforesaid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">a) The Government of Kerala hereby convey and demise the land measuring 42.17 acres in the territory of the said Government more fully described in the Schedule hereunder, to the Government of Tamil Nadu on the terms and conditions specified in the said schedule in connection with the construction of the works referred in clause 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Government of Kerala hereby agree to convey to the Government of Tamil Nadu for purposes of alteration, maintenance, operation and repair of the works relating to the aforesaid scheme, such land or lands as may be required by them in future for such period and subject to such terms and conditions as may be agreed upon between the two Governments. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">4)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Government of Kerala hereby convey and demise unto the Government of Tamil Nadu free way, leave and right and liberty of way and passage through and over the lands of the Kerala State for all officers, agents, servants and workmen and all vehicles as well as plant and machinery of the Government of Tamil Nadu or of the contractors engaged by them for the survey, construction, alteration, maintenance, operation or repair of the works mentioned in clause 2 or for all or any other purpose or purposes connected with the use and exercise of the rights, powers and liberties under this agreement by the Government of Tamil Nadu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">5)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Government of Kerala agrees to afford all other reasonable facilities to the Government of Tamil Nadu for the construction, alteration, maintenance, operation and repair of the works referred to in clause 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">6)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Government of Kerala agree not to levy any tax on the Government of Tamil Nadu for all or any of the purposes connected with the powers, rights and liberties conveyed under this agreement or the use thereof by the Government of Tamil Nadu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">7)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">In consideration of the conveyance of the power rights under clause 1, the Government of Tamil Nadu shall pay annually to the Government of Kerala an amount calculated at the following rate:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">When the electrical energy generated by the Government of Tamil Nadu at the Periyar Power House does not exceed 350 million units in a year at Rs.12 (Rupees twelve) per K.W. year of electrical energy: and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">When the electrical energy generated at the said Power exceeds 350 million units in a year, at Rs.12(Rupees twelve) per K.W year upto 350 million units of electrical energy so generated, and at Rs.18 (Rupees eighteen) per K.W. year for the electrical energy generated in excess of 350 million units.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Note:- For the purpose of this clause K. W. year shall mean 8,760 units of electrical energy.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">The first of such annual payments shall become due from the Government of Tamil Nadu to the Government of Kerala on the expiry of twelve months from the date on which the Government of Tamil Nadu begin to generate electrical energy from the Periyar waters at the Periyar Power House. Each subsequent payment shall become due on the completion of every twelve months from the date on which the first annual payment becomes due as aforesaid. The Government of Tamil Nadu shall make the said annual payments referred to above to the Government of Kerala within thirty days from the date on which each such payment shall become due.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">8)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Government of Tamil Nadu agree to pay to the Government of Kerala reasonable compensation for any damage caused to any property adjoining the demised land by reason of the exercise by the Government of Tamil Nadu of the powers and rights conferred on them by this agreement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">9)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">The procedure and other details connected with the implementation of the provisions of this agreement shall be agreed upon between the Tamil Nadu State Electricity Board and the Kerala State Electricity Board.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">10)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Any dispute or difference arising between the Government of Kerala and the Government of Tamil Nadu touching these presents or anything herein contained or the interpretation thereof or the rights, duties or liabilities of either party in relation to the premises shall be referred to a single arbitrator to be mutually agreed upon by both the parties and the arbitrator’s decision thereon shall be final and binding on both the parties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">11)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Save as varied as herein before provided, the principal deed as amended on date by another agreement executed today and all terms and conditions thereof shall continue to be binding and in full force and effect.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">12)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">This supplemental deed shall be deemed to have taken effect on the thirteenth November, one thousand nine hundred and fifty four.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">THE SCHEDULE<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Description of land conveyed </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">– All that piece and parcel of land situated east of Kumil Village within the Kumily Panchayat area in Peermedu taluk measuring 42.17 acres, the land comprising of three plots bounded by the lands given below : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">North<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">S.No.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">East<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">S.No.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">South<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">S.No.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">West <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">S.No.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Area in acres<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">1. Plot No. 1 by the side of old shaft near Travellers Bangalow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">2. Plot No. 2 by the side of new shaft.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">3. Plot No.3 of 100 ft. width along the road connecting the pilot No.2 and the Madras Kerala State Boundary <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">42/1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">28/3 &<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">29/1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">overland <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">42/1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">28/1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">42/1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">27/2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">29/1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">46/32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">46/25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">25/1 &<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">26/3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">21.72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">18.37<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">2.08<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">42.17<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">II. CONDITIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Government of Tamil Nadu shall, at their own cost demarcate the land conveyed to them by Government of Kerala.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Government of Tamil Nadu shall vacate and hand over possession of lands if any, not vacated as on twenty-nineth day of May, one thousand nine hundred and seventy to the Government of Kerala on or before the first July, one thousand nine hundred and seventy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">After the thirtieth June, one thousand nine hundred and seventy the Govenrment of Tamil Nadu shall have no claim whatsoever either by way of ownership or otherwise on the buildings and other construction already existing, or raised and left by them in the said land, that Government being free to clear the said land of all structures constructed for works, and excavated stones, dumped before the aforesaid date. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">4)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">All rubbish dumped in the said lands shall become the property of the Government of Kerala after the first July one thousand nine hundred and seventy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">5)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Government of Tamil Nadu shall have no right to the trees felled by them in the said lands and such trees shall, immediately after they are felled, be handed over to the Game Range Officer, Thekkady. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">6)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Government of Tamil Nadu shall have no right for the free use of any produce from the said lands or any of the surrounding forests. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">7)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">The officers of the Game Department of the Government of Kerala shall have full right and liberty to enter the said lands for purposes of inspection only. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">8)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">All residuary rights not specifically conferred on the Government of Tamil Nadu shall vest in the Government of Kerala.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">In witness whereof K.P. Viswanathan Nair, Secretary to the Government of Kerala, Water and Power Department acting for and on behalf of and by the order and direction of the Governor of Kerala and Thiru. K.S. Sivasubramanyan, Secretary to the Government of Tamil Nadu, Public Works Department acting for, and on behalf of and by the order and direction of the Governor of Tamil Nadu have hereunto set their hands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Signed by the above named <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Shri K.P. Viswanathan Nair<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Signed by the above named <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Thiru K.S. Sivasubramanyan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Witnesses<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Witnesses<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">P. SANKUNNI MENON, Secretary to Government of Kerala, Law Department, Trivandrum.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">I. ABDUL RAZACK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Joint Secretary to the Government of Tamil Nadu,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Public Works Department,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Madras – 9.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">R.GOPALASWAMY,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Secretary to Government of Kerala, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Public Works Department,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Trivandrum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">S. VADIVELU<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Joint Secretary to the Government of Tamil Nadu,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Law Department,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Madras – 9.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">SUBSCRIBE TO:</div>James Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03819240981315257975noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6579033956501226254.post-22449225927290515252011-10-26T14:40:00.006+05:302011-11-25T19:35:23.764+05:30PERIYAR LEASE DEED - 1886<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvPjgB7q_3eW50ML-cgg9OnAXR74c2RNLphMa_HfczAHJ94a9dR8QAPGIo5Hj7l35o1J_tHvk6BU6SEmTFOaxaxh-ZhnAJop_AHm4ppUxN75xWaocQyBB-OtsZ29GODT1NWK13te3SgOo/s1600/HPIM0219.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvPjgB7q_3eW50ML-cgg9OnAXR74c2RNLphMa_HfczAHJ94a9dR8QAPGIo5Hj7l35o1J_tHvk6BU6SEmTFOaxaxh-ZhnAJop_AHm4ppUxN75xWaocQyBB-OtsZ29GODT1NWK13te3SgOo/s320/HPIM0219.JPG" width="207" /></a></div>This is the first page of the original Lease Deed of 1886. You can see the seal of Registrar Office of the Travancore Palace on the left margin.<br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 16pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">LEASE OF LANDS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 16pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">IN TRAVANCORE FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE PERIAUR PROJECT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">INDENTURE </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">made between the <b>SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA</b> and the <b>MAHARAJA OF TRAVANCORE</b> in respect of the lease of certain territory in the Travancore State in connection with the <b>PERIYAR IRRIGATION PROJECT -1886</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">This indenture</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;"> made the twenty-ninth day of October One thousand eight hundred and eighty-six (corresponding with the fourteenth day of Tulam 1062 of the Malabar era <b>between the Government of His Highness the Maharajah of Travancore</b> hereinafter called the Lessor) of the one part and <b>the Right Honourable the Secretary of State for India in Council</b> of the other part <b>witnesseth</b> that in consideration of the rents hereinafter reserved and of the covenants by the said Secretary of the State for India in Council hereinafter contained the Lessor done hereby demise and grant upto the said Secretary of State for India in Council his successors and assigns tail of whom are intended to be included in and to be referred to by the expression the Lessee hereinafter used.). <b>First. </b>All that tract of land part of the tributary of Travancore situated on or near toe Periyar river bounded on all sides by a contour line one hundred and fifty-five feet above the deepest point of the bed of the said Periyar river at the site of the dam to be constructed there and shown in the map or plan hereunto annexed and which said tract of land is delineated in the said map or plan hereunto annexed and therein coloured blue and contains eight thousand acres or thereabouts. </span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Secondly.</b> All such land in the immediate vicinity of the tract of land above mentioned and not exceeding in the whole in extent one hundred acres as may be required by the lessee for the execution and preservation of the irrigation works to be executed by the lessee within the said tract of land first above mentioned and which said works are commonly called or known as the “Periyar Project”. </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Thirdly.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> Full right power and liberty to construct make and carry out on any part of the said lands herein before demised and to use exclusively when constructed made and carried out by the lessee all such irrigation works and other works auxiliary thereto as the lessee shall think fit for all purposes or any purpose connected with the said Periyar Project or with the use exercise or enjoyment of the lands rights liberties and Powers hereby demised and granted or any of them. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Fourthly. </b>All waters flowing into through over to from the said tract of land firstly herein before demised. <b>Fifthly. </b>All timber and other trees woods underwoods and saplings which now are or shall during the continuance of this demise be growing or standing upon any of the said demised lands with liberty to the lessee to fell grub up and use, free of all charge for the same all such of the said timber and other trees weeds underwoods and saplings as shall be required in or about the construction or maintenance of or otherwise for all or any of the purposes of the said works or any of them or in connection therewith provided always that the lessee shall not be responsible for the destruction of or for any damage done to any others of the said timber of other trees woods underwoods or saplings for the time being growing or standing upon any of the said demised lands by of through the construction or maintenance of the said works of any of them. <b>Sixthly.</b>The right of fishing in over and upon such waters tanks and ponds as now are or shall during the term hereby granted by upon or within any of the said demised lands. </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Seventhly.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> Free way leave and right and liberty of way and passage in manner hereinafter mentioned through and over the lands of the lessor and liberty for the lessee his officers agents servants and workmen to enter upon and to make lay and repair such one and not more than one main or wagon way from any point on the boundary line between British territory in India and the Territory of Travancore to any part of the said demised lands in the usual manner by digging the soil and levelling the ground and making gutters through and over the lands of the lessor between such point and the said demised lands for leading and carriages for and alone the said wagons way upto and towards the said demised lands all materials required for all or any of the said works and other material matters and things whatsoever to an from any of the said demised lands and liberty for the lessee his officers agents, servants and workmen as occasion shall require to lay and fix wood timber earth, stones gravel and other materials in and upon the lands of the lessor and to cut, dig and make trenches and water courses for the purpose of keeping the said wagon way free from water and to do all other things necessary or convenient as well for making and laying the said wagon way as for repairing and upholding the same whenever there shall be occasion and liberty for the lessee his officers agents servants and workmen to go pass and repass along the said wagon way either on foot or with horses and other cattle wagons carts or other carriages unto and from the said demised lands and all other liberties and appurtenances necessary or convenient for making laying, altering repairing using or removing the said wagon way or any part thereof the lessee making reasonable compensation unto tree lessor and the tenants or occupiers for all damage occasioned by or in the exercise of the said liberties to the lands belonging to him or them except those actually taken and used for the line of the said was on way except nevertheless put of this demise all sovereign rights of the lessor in and to the said demised lands or any of them other than the rights liberties and powers herein before particularly mentioned and expressed to be hereby demised and excepted all minerals and precious stones whatsoever in and under the said lands hereby demised or any of them other than earth rubble stone and line required for the said works or any of them <b>together</b> with liberty for the lessee to erect build and set up alter maintain and use upon or within then lands hereby demised such houses and other buildings and to take free of all charge for the same all such earth rubble stone and lime therefrom as shall be necessary or proper for effectual or conveniently making and maintaining the said several works and generally to do all such things whatsoever in or upon the hereby demised lands as shall be necessary or expedient for the construction and repair of the said irrigation and accommodation works and for any of the purpose of these presents to have and to hold the premises herein before expressed to be hereby demised and granted unto the lessee from the first day of January one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six for the term of nine hundred and ninety-nine years yielding and paying therefore by the same being deducted from the tribute from time to time payable by the lessor to the Government of India or Madras the yearly rent of forty thousand rupees of British India commencing from the day on which the water of the said Periyar river now flowing into the said territory of Travancore shall by means of the said works be diverted and shall flow in to British territory the first of payments to be made at the expiration of twelve calendar months from such list mentioned date and yielding and paying from the date from which the said yearly rent of forty thousand rupees of British India shall become payable and over and above the same the further yearly rent (hereinafter called acreage rent ) after the rate of five rupees of British India currency for every acre and so in proportion for a less quantity of the lands hereby demised and granted which on the completion of the said works shall be found on measurement to be included within the said contour line in excess of the said area of eight thousand acres the first of such payments of acreage rent to be made at the time and place when and where the said yearly rent shall become payable as herein before provided and the lessee doth hereby covenant with the lessor that the lessee will pay to the lessor the several rents herein before reserved at the times herein before appointed by allowing the same to be deducted from the tribute from time to time payable by the lessor as aforesaid and will at the expiration or sooner determination of the said term peaceably deliver upto the lessor all the said premises hereby demised in such stale and condition as shall be consistent with a due regard to the provisions of this lease and in particular will within two years after the expiration of determination of the said term clear from the said lands hereby demised all machinery and plant in or about the same or any part thereof or shall at the option of the lessee abandon all claim to such machinery and plant or to such part or parts thereof as the lessee shall think it provided always and it is hereby agreed and declared that it shall be lawful for the lessee at any time before the expiration of the said term to surrounding and yield up all the demised premises to the lessor in which case and immediately upon such surrender the rents hereby reserved shall cease. Provided always and these presents are on this express condition that if and when ever there shall be a breach of any of the covenants and agreements by the lessee herein contained the lessor may re-enter upon any part of the said premises in the name of the whole and there upon the said term of nine hundred and ninety-nine hundred absolutely determine without prejudice nevertheless to the recovery of any rent or money then payable or to the liability of the lease to perform and to the right of the lessor to enforce the performance and observance of every or any covenant or situation herein contained and which ought to be performed or observed after the expiration of the said term in case the same had expired by effluxion of time. And the lessor doth hereby covenant with the lessor that the lessee paying the rents herein before reserved in manner aforesaid and performing and observing all the covenants and agreements by the lessee herein contained may quietly hold and enjoy all the lands rights and premises herein before, demised and granted during the said term and also free of rent so much of the said lands as shall then be required for any machinery or plant for two years after the expiration or determination of the said term without any interruption or disturbance by the lessor or any person claiming through or in trust for the lessor and that if the lessee shall be desirous of taking a renewed lessee of the said premises for the further term of nine hundred and ninety-nine years from the expiration of the term hereby granted and of such desire shall prior to the expiration of the said last mentioned term give to the lessor six calendar months previous notice in writing signed by any Secretary to the Government of Madras and shall pay the rents hereby reserved and perform and observe the several covenants and agreements herein contained and on the part of the lessee to be observed and performed upto the expiration of the said term hereby granted the lessor will upon the request and at expense of the lessee forthwith execute and deliver to the lessee a renewed lease of the said premises for the further term of nine hundred and ninety-nine years at the same yearly and acreage repts and under and subject to the same covenants provisions and agreements including this present covenant as are herein contained. If and whenever any dispute or question shall arise between the lessor and lessee touching these presents or anything herein contained or the construction hereof or the rights duties or liabilities of either party in relation to the premises the matter in difference shall be referred to two arbitrators or their umpire pursuant to and so as with regard in the mode and consequence of the referring and in all other respect to conform to the provision in that behalf of the Code of Civil Procedure 1882 of the Legislative Council of India or any there subsisting statutory modification thereof. In witness whereof Vembankum Ramiengar, Esq. CSI Diwan of His Highness in Maharajah of Travancore by order and direction of the Government of M/s. Highness the said Maharajah and John Child Hannynglen Esl. Resident of Travancore and Cochin of order and direction of the Rigln Honourable the Governor in Council of Fort St. George acting for and on behalf of the Right Honourable the Secretary of State for India in Council have hereunder set their respective hands and seals the day and year first above written.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">Signed, sealed and delivered by the above named Vembaukum Ramiengar in the presence of:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">V. RAMIENGAR<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">K.K.Kuruvila<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">Maramath Secretary, Travancore Sircar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">J.H. PRINCE<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">Ag. Head Sircar Vakil, Travancore Government<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">Signed, sealed and delivered by the above named John Child Hannyngton in the presence of:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">J.C. HANNYNGTON<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: right;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">K.K.Kuruvila<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">Maramath Secretary, Travancore Sircar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">J.H. PRINCE<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">Ag. Head Sircar Vakil, Travancore Government<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">MEMORANDUM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">The land referred to in the foregoing deed as demised by the lessor to the lessee is situate on both sides of Periyar River as shown in the map hereto annexed and coloured blue, and lies within the Thodupulay and Chengannoor taluks of Travancore State, and is bound as in the said deed is is described.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">V. RAMIENGAR<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">J.C. HANNYNGTON<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">SUBSCRIBE TO:</div>James Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03819240981315257975noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6579033956501226254.post-32184560941085127782010-11-07T16:45:00.002+05:302011-11-25T19:38:47.203+05:30Seismic Threat to Mullaperiyar Dam<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Within a span of 2 days, two tremors of mild intensity on 5/11/10 (M2.0) and 6/11/2010 (M2.9) occurred in the 50KM range of Mullaperiyar Dam suddenly caused great anxiety in the minds of people, earthquake scientists and dam engineers. <b>Even though, these earthquakes are minor in nature, the above earthquakes are seen as indication of the increased seismicity of the region surrounding Mullaperiyar Dam, which was once thought completely dormant.</b> These warning signals by nature must taken very seriously, even though the present tremors are not able to create any significant damage to the dam due to its low intensity and large distance from the Mullaperiyar Dam.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9In5sCXytfYdSEtF-Dx_tJZmlAjL2-7xYYL78Zk2qhtk48Bs0Bl50oPIYTo1kKXKkwwg41GCK1Ck_G_ui5j2DNsFBH3moSUcoD0QzOb222ZzKyuH52AHP52kBZVPWj64WksmYqqiHLMM/s1600/100_2085.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9In5sCXytfYdSEtF-Dx_tJZmlAjL2-7xYYL78Zk2qhtk48Bs0Bl50oPIYTo1kKXKkwwg41GCK1Ck_G_ui5j2DNsFBH3moSUcoD0QzOb222ZzKyuH52AHP52kBZVPWj64WksmYqqiHLMM/s400/100_2085.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><i>Upstream face of Mullaperiyar Dam before the recent repairs</i></span></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The above tremors are coincident with the cosmetic beautification done by Tamil Nadu authorities to the grandma Mullaperiyar Dam to conceal its chronic ailments from the naked eyes. But the ailments of Mullaperiyar Dam are inherent and deep rooted. This dam was constructed during 1886-1895, when the dam engineering was at infancy. The dam is a composite structure with rubble masonry in lime surkhi mortar as facing on upstream and downstream and a lime surkhi concrete inner core. Later in 1980s, a concrete backing of 10 M width was added to the downstream of the old dam.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Structural Weakeness of Mullaperiyar Dam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Mullaperiyar Dam, aged 116 years, was built of lime surkhi concrete, which occupies almost two-third of its volume. The above concrete is a very low strength concrete. The ‘History of Periyar Project’ by A. T. Mackenzie (1898) illustrate the tests conducted on determining the strength of this concrete <i>“...the block generally beginning to disintegrate with a pressure of from 40 to 50 tons on the square foot...”</i> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ie, it is evident that its strength is almost equal to M5 concrete <i>(<span style="color: black;">This designation the letter M refers to the mix and the number to the specified 28 day cube strength of mix in N/mm<sup>2</sup>)</span></i>, which is having one third of the strength of the roofing concrete (M15) we are using for our homes<i><span style="color: black;">. </span> </i>This must be compared with the M30 concrete we used for Idukki Arch Dam, which is almost having six times the strength of the lime surkhi concrete used in Mullaperiyar dam. The strength of this concrete has further reduced due to the continuous leaching of lime reported from its inception. Even though two attempts of grouting were attempted in 1930s and 1960s, it was not able to completely fill the cavities formed due to the leaching of lime.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">History of Earthquake Design of Dams <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">While constructing Mullaperiyar dam, the dam engineers were not aware of the how to design the dams against the effect of seismic forces. The first seismic forces were taken care in a preliminary manner in the design of the dam by engineers only in the 1920s . The classic paper by H. M. Westergaard entitled "Water Pressure on Dams During Earthquakes" was published in 1933. In the period 1930-1970, design practice usually considered earthquake effects by simply incorporating in the stability or stress analysis for a dam a static lateral force intended to represent the inertia force induced by the earthquake. Most often this force was expressed as the product of a lateral force coefficient and the force of gravity. The coefficient generally varied, depending on the seismicity of the area in which the dam was located and the judgment of the engineer involved, between values of about 0.05 and 0.15. This method of approach was termed the pseudostatic analysis method, in recognition of the fact that the static lateral forces were only intended to represent the effects of the actual dynamic earthquake forces, which effects could well be substantially different from those of the static forces used in the analysis procedure.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">In the 1960s and early 1970s a number of events occurred that caused engineers to reevaluate the adequacy of this approach:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The observation was made that the pseudostatic method of analysis would not adequately predict the slope failures that occurred at many places in Alaska in the 1964 Alaska earthquake (M 8.3).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Major cracking occurred in the Koyna Dam, in India, a 340-foot-high concrete gravity dam, subjected to a near-field M 6.4 earthquake in 1967.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Major cracking developed near the top of the Hsingfengkiang Dam, a 345-foot-high concrete buttress dam in China, as a result of a near-field M 6.1 earthquake in 1962.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A near failure occurred at the Lower Van Norman (San Fernando) Dam, and significant sliding occurred in the Upper Van Norman (San Fernando) Dam as a result of the San Fernando earthquake of 1971. In spite of the fact that both of these dams were judged to be adequately safe on the basis of pseudostatic analyses made before the earthquake, their performance east doubt on the validity of this approach.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Accelograph records showed peak accelerations during earthquake shaking greater than 0.3g.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">These events, and others, led to an increasing concern that the pseudostatic method of analysis could not always predict the safety of dams against earthquake shaking.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Earthquake Committee of the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD, 1975) recommended that: <i><b>“As regards low dams in remote areas, they may be designed by the conventional (pseudostatic) method for any type of dam. As regards high gravity or arch dams or embankment dams whose failure may cause loss-of-life or major damage, they should be designed by the conventional method at first and they should then be subjected to dynamic analyses in order to investigate the deficiencies which might be involved in the seismic design of the dam in case the conventional method is used.”</b><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">These requirements and recommendations led to a major review of design procedures by many design agencies, as a result of which increasing emphasis was given to the use of <b>dynamic analysis methods</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Need for Site Specific Seismic Hazard Assessment and Dynamic Analysis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mullaperiyar dam and the site lies in seismic zone-III as per the seismic zoning map of India. This area is close to a large number of major faults in this region, some of which are active and others having the potential to become active. Earthquakes of intensities around 5.0 in Richter scale were experienced in this region in the recent past <i>(5.0 on Richter Scale on 12/12/2000 and 4.8 on 7/01/2001 in the Palai/Erattupetta region, concurrent multiple events called doublets).</i></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><i><br />
</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">This is a <b>high hazard dam</b> as per the hazard potential classification considering the human and economic loss as per the criteria fixed by the Central Water Commission (CWC). In this context, it is highly necessary to get the structural stability of this dam must be verified by proper estimation of the seismic parameters and carrying out detailed dynamic analysis. This becomes imperative considering the high hazard nature of this century old weak dam and consequent catastrophe, if it fails.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">As per CWC guidelines itself, stability assessments are to be done utilising in situ properties of the structure and its foundation and pertinent geologic information. It also recommends <b>dynamic</b> <b>analysis and higher seismic coefficient</b>, if the structure is in the proximity of major faults.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">CWC’s Certification in 1986</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">In spite of the above clear guidelines, the CWC in 1986 <b>rushed to the conclusion in the ‘Memorandum of Rehabilitation of Mullaperiyar Dam’ that the Mullaperiyar dam is safe for an FRL of 152 ft after carrying out simple pseudo-statistical method of analysis meant only for preliminary design of dams</b>. Neither the CWC had carried out dynamic analysis taking into consideration the present actual in situ properties of the structure, its foundation, geology and the site specific seismic parameters till date.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">In this context, it is worth to note that </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">IS: 1893, ‘The Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures’ was revised in the year 1984. As per clause 3.4.2.3 the horizontal seismic co-efficient to be considered in the case of pseudo</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> static analysis is 0.12</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">g in Seismic Zone III</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> for the preliminary analysis of dams</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">As per</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> clause 7.3.1,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> this value must be multiplied by 1.5 times in the case of Dams.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> CWC, totally ignoring the revision of the Indian Standard, carried out </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">the certification of Mullaperiyar Dam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">using a seismic co-efficient of 0.10g.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Also the </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">same </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Indian Standard clearly recommends site specific seismic hazard assessment study for dams and </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">critical</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> structures</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (nuclear power stations, major bridges, etc.)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> considering its magnitude of hazard. It is surprising that CWC completely ignored to carry out site specific seismic hazard assessment.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> In the above context, Government of Kerala has not concurred with the Memorandum of Rehabilitation and rejected the same.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">GSI Recommendation in 1995<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Geological Survey of India conducted a geological mapping of the Mullaperiyar Dam area in 1995 as part of the Dam Safety Assurance and Rehabilitation Project aided by the World Bank. Sri. V. Balachandran, Senior Geologist, Geological Survery of India in his report, remarks that <i><b>“…Based on the available data, the seismic status of the Periyar and Suruliyar-Cumbum lineaments are inferred to be active. However it is desirable to assess the seismogenic capability of these lineaments by instrumentation and monitoring. It is also desirable to study the provision of RCC capping over the structure from the seismic consideration…”</b></i> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 16px;">But no positive action in this account was taken by Government of Tamil Nadu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Expert Committee of 2000 not tested, analysed Main Mullaperiyar Dam!<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">In this context, it may be noted that the Expert Committee of 2000</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (EC of 2000) appointed by the Union Ministry of Water Resources</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">, had never carried out any NDT (Non Destructive Tests) or taken or tested any core samples or made any analysis as far as the Main Mullaperiyar Dam is concerned. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">EC </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2000 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">analysed using</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> pseudo static method and adopting a zonal seismic co-efficient of 0.1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">g while checking the Baby Dam. It is an irony that the EC of 2000 concentrated all their efforts to check the Baby Dam, a saddle dam of one third height of the Mullaperiyar Main Dam, which is fully available for upstream sealing. They have taken physical samples, conducted non-destructive tests and structural stability analysis of the Baby Dam and concluded that that the Mullaperiyar reservoir is safe for water levels upto 142 ft. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><b>It may be noted that the EC of 2000 was neither taken any physical samples nor non-destructive tests nor any safety analysis of the Main Dam. Moreover, they have not done any re-analysis of the Main Dam using the revised zonal seismic co-efficient of 0.1</b></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><b>2</b></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><b>g which they used for Baby Dam, instead they simply relied the CWC document of 1986 to conclude that Mullaperiyar Main Dam is safe.</b></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><b> Moreover, they have not checked the structural stability of the Baby Dam against the flood conditions, which will clearly render the Baby Dam not safe for an FRL of 136ft.</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Combined Study of CESS, Trivandrum and IISc, Bangalore in 2001</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">In 2001, Kerala had conducted a detailed seismic assessment of the area by the scientists of CESS and a finite element study by Prof. R.N. Iyengar of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore for assessing the safety of the Mullaperiyar dam for seismic forces <i>(‘Stability of Mullaperiyar Dam in the light of recent earthquakes’ – Final Report by the Expert Committee of Govt. Of Kerala- June 2001).</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The CESS scientists have concluded noting the major tremors viz. Nedumkandam 1988 (M4.5), Wadakkancheri 1994 (M4.3) and Earttupetta 2000 (M5.0), 2001 (M4.8) <i><b>”...although these tremors have not serious damage, it should be noted that all these earthquakes have occurred during a short span of twelve years, quiet unprecedented in the earthquake history of the State..”</b></i> They further observed that there is every chance of occurrence of an earthquake with a maximum magnitude of 6.5.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Considering the above observation, detailed dynamic studies of Prof. Iyengar, IISc had indicated that the Mullaperiyar dam is unsafe for water levels above 136ft. The seismic acceleration values adopted by Prof. Iyengar are 0.16g considering Uttarkashi Earthquake and 0.4738g considering the Koyna Earthquake, as possibility these of earthquakes happened in Pennisular India are possible in Mullaperiyar region with almost same geology. He had done detailed dynamic analysis using both scenarios and found that the dam is unsafe for both cases with water level above 136ft. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">Then, Prof. Iyengar had concluded that <b>it is not prudent to raise the water level in the reservoir from the existing level of 136 feet under any circumstances</b>.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">However, the said studies of Prof. Iyengar were rejected by the CWC on the ground that Prof. Iyengar had <b>adopted PGA based on values of Uttarkashi and Koyna Earthquakes</b>. They rejected the seismic inputs used by him citing that those are not based on <b>site specific assessment of seismicity accelogram</b> relevant to tectonics of Mullaperiyar site.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Site Specific Seismic Hazard Assessment by Earthquake Engineering Department of IIT, Roorkee in 2008</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Indian Standard specifies that instead of using the general seismic co-efficient applicable for zones, <b>detailed site specific studies </b>must be conducted for special structures like Dam, Nuclear Power Stations, Major Bridges, etc to determine the seismic co-efficient. But neither CWC nor Expert Committee has ever conducted such a study for Mullaperiyar Dam even though they questioned the logic of Prof. R.N. Iyengar’s adoption of seismic co-efficient. Instead they decided to adopt the zonal seismic co-efficient, which are used for general structures.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">In the above context that, after detailed deliberations, Government of Kerala decided to entrust the Earthquake Engineering Department of IIT, Roorkee to study the site specific seismic parameters of the Mullaperiyar dam region and to carry out a detailed Structural Stability Analysis using Dynamic Method. The above Institution was selected because they are the premier institute in India for such studies and of high international repute.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">It is worth to note that all site specific studies are to be conducted in a radius of 300KM zone of influence by the national and international practises. IIT, Roorkee team have identified <b>22 major faults in a radius of 300km</b> around Mullaperiyar dam site. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">Out of this, the <b>Tekkady-Kodaivannalur Fault</b> is identified as the one which will create most devastating effect on the Mullaperiyar dam site, which is capable of producing </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">an earthquake of 6.5 Magnitude in Ritcher scale with a close distance of 16km from dam site</span>.</b> The intensities of maximum possible earthquakes due to the 22 faults and their effect on Mullaperiyar dam site were studied in detail. IIT, Roorkee in their report on Seismic Hazard Assement recommended that the existing Mullaperiyar dam has to be checked for its safety under <b style="color: black;">Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) condition</b> since eventuality of its failure may result in huge economic and human loss. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">Finally Dr. D.K. Paul and Dr. M.L. Sharma of IIT, Roorkee have concluded that the (MCE) possible in Mullaperiyar region will produce a <b>Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 0.21g</b> at the site.</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicGiEOTSSA_pOkm6yVuFWM9Ai-0tafSLpOkKIhvXOhdmkOMu9eeravJHpRNsQuMM2ZfPBussJN0_9vxQnHpdKwTn7LhJ-pTha_tMc_Z9WimFgcIzhKFMuKLw4CgEtUAznI9XTw19dEujE/s1600/MLPR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicGiEOTSSA_pOkm6yVuFWM9Ai-0tafSLpOkKIhvXOhdmkOMu9eeravJHpRNsQuMM2ZfPBussJN0_9vxQnHpdKwTn7LhJ-pTha_tMc_Z9WimFgcIzhKFMuKLw4CgEtUAznI9XTw19dEujE/s400/MLPR.jpg" width="347" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><i>22 Major Faults around Mullaperiyar dam considered by IIT, Roorkee</i></span></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">IISc Study of Vulnerability of Central Kerala to Seismicity in 2009</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A recent study conducted by <b>Dr. C.P. Rajendran, Fellow, Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore </b>jointly done with Kusala Rajendran, IISc, Bangalore, Biju John, National Institute of Rock Mechanics, Kolar and B. Sreekumari, KFRI, Peechi has reassessed the seismic hazard in Kerala in the light of improved historical and instrumental database. The improved historical database essentially suggests that the central midland region is more prone to seismic activity compared to other parts of Kerala. The above paper was published in June 2009 issue of the prestigious journal of Geological Society of India.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Central Midland region of Kerala appears to have generated larger number of significant earthquakes; the most prominent being the multiple events (doublets) of 1856 and 1953, whose magnitudes are comparable to that of the 2000/2001 (central Kerala) events. Occurrences of these historical events and the recent earthquakes, and the local geology suggest that the NNW-SSE trending faults in central midland Kerala may host discrete potentially active sources that may be capable of generating light to moderate size earthquakes. <b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">A simple statistical treatment of the historical information suggests that an earthquake of magnitude ML 4.5 to 5.5 can be expected to recur in the central midland region every 25±22 years. </span></b>Thus from a hazard point of view, the central midland region must be considered as seismically most potential in Kerala.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><br />
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</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5YB768VB3SN3H61DMErsg-lFJPtIo6byCMENmysR_a4a-1WzygiCtTSVwxW7CM94EDK9oPHgS2GLt0GKI-ApF6oBUAXaxMVurPd5sS2AgTFflWv2jw7ItYmx13Hf1pOX4AaPlBsmLxPk/s1600/mulla3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5YB768VB3SN3H61DMErsg-lFJPtIo6byCMENmysR_a4a-1WzygiCtTSVwxW7CM94EDK9oPHgS2GLt0GKI-ApF6oBUAXaxMVurPd5sS2AgTFflWv2jw7ItYmx13Hf1pOX4AaPlBsmLxPk/s400/mulla3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><i>Isoseismals of 2000-2001 and felt areas of 1952-53</i></span></span></div><span lang="EN-US"></span><br />
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</span></span></div><span lang="EN-US"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"><b>The seismicity in Kerala shows a perceptible increase during the recent times.</b> They ascribe this rise in seismicity to the anthropogenic activities that probably impacted the changes in hydrologic regimes in facilitating faster hydrostatic pressure transmission to hypocentral depths. <b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">The post monsoon relative increase in seismicity must be understood in this context.</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">They speculate that the ground water plays a key role in triggering micro tremors in Kerala for want of other mechanisms to explain such temporal characteristics. Longterm changes in rainfall cause periodic temporal variations of water table.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span class="apple-style-span">The exhaustive study considered the 87 earthquake records recorded at the IMD’s Broadband station at Peechi during December 2000-December 2008. The study also considered all historical earthquakes reported from 18th Century onwards in the region. an important point to be noted is that there was a general increase of seismicity in the southern India after the 2001 (January 26) Bhuj </span><span class="apple-style-span">earthquake in particular in the Koyna region, and there was also an M 4.5 earthquake from the Karnataka-Tamil Nadu border on January 29, 2001.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"></span><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC1ECt0ciGCBnFq_EwJACYqkqu4hZ8oB3DfEYE7pNgyxqtqozP061XOFetvTkHpMXzzvzVtYPyNnubhlHyzfPKuFrjGwSt3pSoC08rbX0gK7MVpCuTS4gLICy9OmU8HDtl25o0k28Q7lQ/s1600/mulla2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC1ECt0ciGCBnFq_EwJACYqkqu4hZ8oB3DfEYE7pNgyxqtqozP061XOFetvTkHpMXzzvzVtYPyNnubhlHyzfPKuFrjGwSt3pSoC08rbX0gK7MVpCuTS4gLICy9OmU8HDtl25o0k28Q7lQ/s400/mulla2.jpg" width="393" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Historic Earthquakes in Central Midland Kerala</span></i></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></i></span></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"> <span class="apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">They concludes their study with the recommendation that the engineered structures in the central midland region should incorporate at least the most conservative seismic codes available for the region, but these will not be sufficient for critical facilities. The critical facilities must be designed based on exclusively site specific seismic study.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
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</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Structural Analysis by Finite Element Model and Dynamic Analysis by IIT, Roorkee in 2009<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The structural stability of a dam can be determined either by pusedo static method or dynamic method. In the pusedo static method the effect of the earthquake forces is considered as pure static loads, by simplifying their dynamic effect. This method is prescribed only for the preliminary design of the dam structure. The Indian Standard recommends the dynamic analysis for the final design and analysis. ICOLD (International Commission for Large Dams) also recommend Dynamic Analysis for the safety evaluation of the existing Dams.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A detailed structural stability analysis by dynamic analysis using a Finite Element Mesh (FEM) method can only give light to the structural stability of the Mullaperiyar Dam. The advantage of the FEM method is that it will enable us to truly represent the heterogeneity of the dam structure<i>.</i> If such an FEM model is subjected to dynamic loading by the dynamic analysis, the structural stability can be determined with high degree of accuracy. The only dilemma faced by State of Kerala was to supply the in situ material properties of the Mullaperiyar Dam for carrying out the studies. As such the dam is under Tamil Nadu custody, it was finally decided to rely the test results of 1972-73 and 1983 core test results done by Tamil Nadu in this regard, which was relied upon by the CWC.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">T</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">he structural stability of the Mullaperiyar Dam was done using Dynamic Analysis after creating a Finite Element Model (FEM). The structural stability of the Mullaperiyar Dam was analysed considering the following conditions:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;">Normal Operating Condition (Full Reservoir Level without considering earthquake)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;">Flood Level Condition (Maximum Water Level without considering earthquake)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;">Earthquake Condition (FRL with earthquake and MWL with earthquake)</span></li>
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<div style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">IIT, Roorkee submitted their second part of the study report in October, 2009. The detailed Structural Stability Analysis clearly brought out the following: </span></div></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>i.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Main Mullaperiyar Dam even under DBE condition (seismic co-efficient of 0.12g) under reservoir level of 136ft, the value of tensile stresses are found more than double the ultimate apparent seismic tensile stresses. The MCE condition makes the things much worse.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>ii.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Even without earthquake forces, the Main Mullaperiyar Dam is unsafe for flood conditions (MWL) since the tensile stresses in the heel of the dam are found to be more than double the permissible apparent tensile stresses.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>iii.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">In the normal operating conditions, the tensile stresses in the Mullaperiyar Dam at the heel are at the border level of the allowable stresses.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">IIT, Roorkee made the following recommendation finally <b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">“Based on the analysis, both the Main Mullaperiyar dam and Baby Dam are likely to undergo damage which may lead to failure under static plus earthquake condition and therefore needs serious attention.”</span></i></b></span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The above conclusions/suggestions/recommendations from the country’s premier scientific organizations like GSI, CESS, IISc, IIT, etc clearly indicates the seismic vulnerability of the region around Mullaperiyar Dam. <b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">The inherent weakness of the dam will lead to the collapse of the structure in the event of a higher earthquake of magnitude above 5.0 in Ritcher scale in the immediate vicinity of 15 KMs or so.</span></b> Such a failure of the Mullaperiyar Dam will lead to a catastrophe to the thousands of people living downstream of this century old dam. State of Kerala </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">fervently prays that no calamity o</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ccurs during the interim period till the new dam is completed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">It is not fair to Tamil Nadu to keep a blind eye to the above facts.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>Nothing in life is entirely risk free, and indeed science cannot demonstrate freedom from risk, particularly from as yet known risks, because ‘absence of evidence’ is not ‘evidence of absence’!</b> There are situations where engineers may disagree with one another. Some experts may consider the condition of a dam to be marginally safer than what others say it is. But nature has its own way, and experts’ expectations and calculations may go awry. Once there are reasonable apprehensions about the imminent danger and the possibility of a risk, the State should not take any chances.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><b>References:</b></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1. History of the Periyar Project, A.T. Mackenzie (1898)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2. History of Periyar Dam with Century Long Performance, Prof. A. Mohanakrishnan (1997)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">3. Memorandum of Rehabilitation of Mullaperiyar Dam, CWC (1986)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">4. Geological Document of Periyar Dam, V. Balachandran, Geological Survey of India (1995)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">5. Stability of Mullaperiyar Dam in the light of Recent Earthquakes, Final Report by Expert Committee submitted to Government of Kerala (2001)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">6. Safety of Dams : Flood and Earthquake Criteria, National Academy Press (1985)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">7. Report of the Committee setup by the Ministry of Water Resources, GoI to study the problem of Dam Safety in Mulla Periyar Dam & Raising of the water level in the Mulla Periyar reservoir, CWC (2001)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">8. Regulatory Frame Works for Dam Safety, World Bank (2002)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">9. Structural Stability of Mullaperiyar Dam consisting Seismic Effects, Part I - Seismic Hazard Assessment, Earthquake Engg Dept, IIT , Roorkee (2008)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">10. Structural Stability of Mullaperiyar Composite Dam, Part II - Structural Stability Analysis, </span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Earthquake Engg Dept, IIT , Roorkee</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> (2009)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">11. Technical Report on Periyar Dam, Government of Tamil Nadu (1998)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">12. Reassessing the Earthquake Hazard in Kerala based on Historical and Current Seismicity, Dr. C.P. Rajendran, IISc, et all, Journal of Geological Survey of India (June 2009)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">SUBSCRIBE TO:</div>James Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03819240981315257975noreply@blogger.com43tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6579033956501226254.post-46160163065125917542010-11-07T11:51:00.002+05:302011-12-07T11:28:11.761+05:30Arguments by Tamil Nadu and Counter Arguments<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">1. ARGUMENT:</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> <span style="color: blue;">37 dams exits in India, which are more than 100 years old and still in service and hence it is not prudent to conclude that Mullaperiyar is unsafe based only citing the age of the structure<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">COUNTER ARGUMENT:</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> It is true that there are more than 37 dams exists in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place> which are more than 100 years old <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Source: National Register of Large Dams, 2002).</i> But a close look into the above data shows that out of the above 37 dams, 30 dams are of earthen dams having around 20 m height and more over having only an average gross storage capacity of less than 1 TMC! Hence these earthen dams are only can be qualified to be as ‘earthen bunds’ and does not pose much threat. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">If we consider the remaining seven masonry gravity dams, the Mullaperiyar dam surpasses all others with its height of 53.64m and its huge storage capacity of 15.66 TMC. The second one on the above list, Khadakwasla dam, which had already overtopped in 1961 due to the failure of the Panchet dam in the upstream <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Maharastra - Pune District).</i> The third one on the list is having a height of only 16.77m. Hence such comparisons have no meaning.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Mullaperiyar dam is a composite gravity dam which lost of much of its strength due to continuous leaching of lime from its core. This dam is situated in an active fault zone, which makes the dam vulnerable to failure in an earthquake of moderate intensity with an epicenter close to the dam. Also the high hazard this dam poses a direct threat to the lives and property of 35 lakhs people living downstream and also a threat to the mega storage Idukki reservoir. Hence Mullaperiyar dam has no parallels and considering its age, deterioration and high hazard nature, must be decommissioned and a new dam must be built.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">2. ARGUMENT:</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> <span style="color: blue;">No masonry gravity dam has failed so far and hence the fear of Kerala about Mullaperiyar dam is not based on facts.<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">COUNTER ARGUMENT:</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> This is not true and against the facts. World over Masonry gravity dams have failed and a few examples are shown below.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.5pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Name<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.5pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Country<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.55pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Year of Failure<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.55pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Height in m<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.5pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">Austin</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.5pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">USA</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.55pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">1900<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.55pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">20.7 m<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.5pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Tigra<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.5pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">India</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.55pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">1917<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.55pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">26 m<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.5pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Khadakwasla<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.5pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">India</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.55pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">1961<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.55pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">40 m<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.5pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Kantalai<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.5pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">Sri Lanka</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.55pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">1986<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.55pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">27 m<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">A doctoral thesis paper from University of New South Wales, Australia ‘An analysis of Concrete and Masonry Dam Failures’ based on a database called ‘CONGDATA’ is put the figure of the total masonry dam failure reported world over as 21. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(This research was funded by the dams community in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Australia</st1:country-region> as part of Dam Risk Project, together with ARC and the Faculty of Engineering at the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">New South Wales</st1:placename></st1:place>)<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">It reveals that the peaks in failures of masonry gravity dams are noted in dams commissioned in the 1870’s to 1890’s and 1910’s to 1920’s. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">It also reveals that dams within the height range of 15 m to 50 m range are failed more than others. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">The above findings are relevant as far as the century old Mullaperiyar Dam concerned because it matches both criteria and the probability of failure of this dam is more compared with others.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">3. ARGUMENT:</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> <span style="color: blue;">Idukki is having a gross storage capacity of 70.5 TMC at FRL and it is not filled up to its full capacity. Hence Idukki can very well contain, even if worst happens to Mullaperiyar Reservoir!<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6579033956501226254&postID=4616016306512591754" name="OLE_LINK1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">COUNTER ARGUMENT:</span></u></b></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> It is regretted to note that Tamil Nadu ignore the fact that once the Mullaperiyar fails, the water will traverse through river for a length of 36 kms before reaching to Idukki reservoir. There lives <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">around 75,000 people on the banks of River Periyar</b> in towns like Vallakadavu, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">Vandiperiyar, Upputhara, etc. Any dam break of Mullaperiyar will completely wash away the entire population between Mullaperiyar and Idukki and hence the Government of Kerala is not prepared for taking any risk in this regard. If we consider this fact, Mullaperiyar dam qualifies to classify as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">High Hazard dam </b>as per CWC norms<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">,</b> which means failure will cause loss of life of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">more than a few people</b> and excessive economic loss <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(CWC Guidelines for Inspection of Dams, 1987).</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">More than 6 years during last 30 years <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(means a probability of occurrence of around once in 5 years!)</b> the Mullaperiyar and Idukki storages together crossed the gross storage of Idukki reservoir<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i> Hence it is evident that if Mullaperiyar dam failed at that time, Idukki dams would have been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">got overtopped due to the combined storage crossing 70.5 TMC, which Idukki reservoir cannot accommodate in now way</b>. Hence the argument that if worst happens, Mulllaperiyar flows will be contained by Idukki have no relevance. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">It is important to look at the probability of becoming both these reservoirs filling, it is once in five years, such a high probability!</b> I am shivered to imagine about such a catastrophe of overtopping of dams of Idukki reservoir, which is having a gross storage capacity of 70.5 TMC and having a downstream population of around 35 lakhs people! Is <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>, which poses itself as super power can accommodate such a catastrophe? It is high time for Government of India to open their eyes and look into the facts which are already available with them, yes, both Idukki and Mullaperiyar reservoir statistics are available with them. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">YEAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">DATE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="3" nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 316.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="422"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">GROSS STORAGE IN TMC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">IDUKKI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">MULLAPERIYAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="193"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">IDUKKI + MULLAPERIYAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 19.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="51"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">1981<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">13-Nov<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">70.59<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="133"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">11.22<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="193"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">81.81<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 32.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="51"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">1992<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">18-Nov<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">70.20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="133"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">7.78<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="193"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">77.98<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 32.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="51"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">1994<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">11-Nov<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">66.58<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="133"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">11.99<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="193"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">78.57<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 32.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="51"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">1998<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">15-Nov<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">67.35<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="133"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">10.79<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="193"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">78.14<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 32.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="51"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">2005<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">17-Sep<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">68.56<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="133"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">11.21<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="193"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">79.77<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 32.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="51"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">2007<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="82"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">28- Sep<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">69.45<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="133"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">10.23<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="193"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">79.68<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Note:- The gross storage at FRL of Idukki is 70.5 TMC and at MWL is 74.4 TMC<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">4. Argument:</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> <span style="color: blue;">Due to the non-restoration of water level from 136ft to 142ft, Mullaperiyar spills and water is wasted. <o:p></o:p></span></span></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">COUNTER ARGUMENT:</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> Even though the FRL of the reservoir is kept at 136 feet, Tamil Nadu never denied by Government of Kerala to draw the entire quantity of water from this reservoir. If we consider the period of 1911-1979 (FRL-152ft), we can see that the Mullaperiyar reservoir spilled at a rate of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">18.14 days per year</b> to the downstream. But it can be seen that between 1980-2005 (FRL-136ft), the reservoir is spilled only at a rate of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">8.62 days per year!</b> It is to be noted that the reservoir spilled <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">40 years out of 69 years (1911-1979)</b>. But it only spilled in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">11 years out of the last 27 years</b> and the rest of the years entire water from this reservoir was drawn by TN. This is because of the high rate of emptying Periyar reservoir <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(due to the increased tunnel capacity from 1300 cusecs to 2100 cusecs done in late 1959)</i> by transferring waters to TN territory and storing the entire waters <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(due to development of subsequent reservoirs and 1373 tanks in their territory so that the dependable inflow from Periyar can be easily accommodated).</i> Hence it can be concluded that the lowering of water level has not affected <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TN’s historical water rights (1911-1979) from Mullaperiyar.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">5. ARGUMENT:</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> <span style="color: blue;">Due to the non-restoration of FRL from 136 ft to 142 ft, and TN’s irrigation benefits are suffering<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">COUNTER ARGUMENT:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> It is important to note that the Mullaperiyar <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spilled only on occasions</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wherein TN is unable to draw water</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">from Mullaperiyar</b> either due to avoid spilling in their area during the flood years wherein the North-East Monsoon is so active and flooding their area (Eg: Year 2006) or due to some failure of their conveyance mechanism (Eg: Year 2005). It is another fact that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">if we consider the spilled years, TN irrigated more area during those years than the other normal years and dry years wherein they have taken the entire water.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">We can see that less than 5% of the inflow is only spilled from Mullaperiyar, that too during high flood years. It is important to note that during majority of those years TN’s Vaigai Reservoir also spilled and water was wasted to the sea (</span><span lang="EN-GB">1984, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2004, 2005 & 2006). </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">During the flood years, it is natural that all medium reservoirs will invariably spill and not even a water scarce State like Tamil Nadu can avoid such phenomenon.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">It is important to note that TN has added around 22647 ha (55962 acres) ayacut to the Periyar Vaigai Irrigation Project after 1980, ie, lowering of the FRL with World Bank aid and the ayacut is still expanding. If the water diversion is reduced, what is the meaning of this additional ayacuts?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Another aspect is that such huge additions of ayacut, will create problems during lean years even though there will be water available during flood years. It is not advisable to extent ayacut to enormous proportions while the 75% dependable flow from Periyar catchment is around 20 TMC <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(hardly sufficient for<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>1,60,000 acres ayacut, which is 10,000 acres more than what British Engineers envisaged)</i> and during lean years the flow dwindles to 15 TMC to 12 TMC.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>That means lean years the flow wont be sufficient to irrigate even 50% of the ayacut and it naturally result in a blame game. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hence it can be concluded that not because of the lowering of the FRL, but because of the unscientific ayacut development to exploit the <u>water only available during flood years</u> is the real problem of TN and it is not fair to blame Kerala for that.</b> It is a fact that more ayacut developed than the dependable flow only creates more unhappy ryots in lean years and sometimes normal years! The World Bank Report on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">‘<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s Water Economy’</b> narrates this apathy in Periyar-Vaigai basin as an example for the future Indian irrigation planners.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">6. ARGUMENT:</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> <span style="color: blue;">Spilling of Mullaperiyar to Kerala means wastage of water to the sea!<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">COUNTER ARGUMENT:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> This is also a wrong argument without understanding the reality. The spill water from Mullaperiyar is being collected at Idukki reservoir and owing to its huge capacity, Idukki can regulate these waters in a better manner and the waters are sufficient water can be discharged during lean summer months to meet the irrigation demands in Muvattupuzha Valley Irrigation Project. Moreover, these waters can cater the drinking water requirements, saline intrusion problems especially in summer months. It is important to note that during 1886 to 2006, the population of Kerala has increased by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">six times</b> and the water demand also swelled to around 20 to 25 times. Hence it is a wrong perception that the waters are being wasted into the sea. Also, it is proved that flooding is always helps to recharge the ground water availability to a great extent. It is important to note that while Vaigai is rich in ground water availability, Periyar is not like that and the basin has to depend on its surface waters, which are now being limited to 80 to 90 days of rainy days. Hence the spill water received to the largest storage reservoir is useful to the huge population for various needs. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">It is important to note that inbasin needs are may get more priority than trans basin needs.</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">7. ARGUMENT:</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> <span style="color: blue;">Even though the water level in Mullaperiyar reached close to 140 feet during spill years nothing happened to the dam. Similarly the recent earthquakes have no effect on the safety of the dam. Hence Kerala’s concerns about the safety of dam are not genuine. <o:p></o:p></span></span></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">COUNTER ARGUMENT:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> It is true that the dam sustained the increased water levels around 140 feet. Similarly the dam sustained the earthquakes recorded. But it is important to note that no earthquake of moderate intensity has so far happened close to the active fault below the Mullaperiyar dam. The worst scenario, we are trying to avoid is an deteriorated dam with 142 feet of water and an earthquake of intensity 6 to 6.5 in the fault zone below the dam same time. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The good luck that not the dam has yet been seriously tested in a severe earthquake with the above water load and</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, serif;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">hence the dam is still there.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> Disaster prevention is more seriously taken by the societies world over in the recent years. Government of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> after the Tsunami, Bhuj and Latur earthquakes and Mumbai floods also geared up to meet the challengee of disasters and recognized that the prevention is better than cure. Hence I can quote Koffi Annan, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Building culture of prevention is not easy. While the cost of prevention had to be paid in the present, its benefits lie in the distant future. More over, the benefits are not tangible; they are disasters that did not happen.”<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Hence it is prudent that we must show the character of statesman and show the positive attitude to build a new dam instead of waiting for a disaster! This old dam, has the potential to kill thousands, even millions, of people, is no more unbreakable than the Titanic was unsinkable.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">8. ARGUMENT:</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"> <span style="color: blue;">Mullaperiyar reservoir is safe even for PMF floods and the fear of overtopping of dam is baseless.</span></span></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">COUNTER ARGUMENT: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;">This is another area CWC has failed miserably to deliver. It is important to note that Tamil Nadu Government in consultation with CWC reviewed the PMF (Probable Maximum Flood) value for this Project and arrived at a value of 6003 cumecs. Even with this value of PMF, the flood routing studies shown that the reservoir will touch a MWL of 157.70 feet, with the mandatory one vent inoperative condition. It is important to note that the century old dam is designed for a MWL of 155 feet only. Hence the immediate logical remedy considering this high hazard dam is to reduce <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">the FRL forthwith such that the MWL will not exceed 155 feet. But to the surprise CWC recommended increasing the parapet height to accommodate more waters than the designed MWL.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">This PMF itself warrants a close examination. It is part of the records that Mullaperiyar reservoir has experienced an extreme flood during 1943 with a peak inflow 8453 cumecs. But while calculating the PMF of Mullaperiyar, the peak inflow of 6003 cumecs was only considered, a very low value than the original observed peak flood. As per CWC guidelines even small reservoirs shall be designed for 1 in 100 year flood and large reservoirs shall be designed for PMF. But here CWC has adopted a low value than the observed peak inflow! Some comparisons are shown below to expose the double game played by CWC while endorsing TN’s PMF estimate. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Except the case of Mullaperiyar, all other places the PMF values were calculated by CWC in a realistic manner and it is very high than the observed flood.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.0pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Project<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Observed <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Maximum</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Peak</st1:placetype></st1:place> Inflow<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">PMF Value adopted as per CWC recommendation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.0pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Dantiwada dam, <st1:place w:st="on">Gujarat</st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">12770 cumecs <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">18122 cumecs<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.0pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Machu – I dam, <st1:place w:st="on">Gujarat</st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">7277 cumecs <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">13224 cumecs<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.0pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Machu-II dam, <st1:place w:st="on">Gujarat</st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">13421 cumecs<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">26420 cumecs<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background: #F3F3F3; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.0pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Mullaperiyar<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #F3F3F3; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">8453 cumecs<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: #F3F3F3; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">6003 cumecs<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">(Ref: Workshops on Strengthening of Dams, CBIP, 1989)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">To expose these further, the following comparison between Machu-I and Mullaperiyar reveals the double game played by CWC. The striking similarity between these two almost similar area of catchments and the PMF review of both dams shown below shall be noted.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.0pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Description<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Machu –I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;"> Mullaperiyar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.0pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Height of Dam<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">28.00 m<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">53.64 m<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.0pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Catchment Area<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">730 sq.km.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">624 sq.km.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.0pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Avg. Annual Rainfall<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">508 mm<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">1800mm<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.0pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Observed Peak Inflow<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">7277 cumecs<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">8453 cumecs<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.0pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">PMF Value Adopted<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">13224 cumecs<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">6003 cumecs<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">Nobody can find fault with the some one who doubt that the above so called ‘PMF’ is nothing but a result of the reverse calculation to adjust the FRL of 152ft! It is important to note that this so called ‘PMF’ had created an insufficient spillway capacity and the possibility of the dam may overturn by an extreme flood situation cannot be brushed aside. In this context, it may please be noted that 40% of the dam failures occurred in the world is due to overtopping consequent to insufficient spillway capacity.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: large;">This warrants an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">urgent re-estimation of the PMF</b> of Mullaperiyar and also <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">revised flood routing starts from various reservoir levels such that in any case MWL shall not increase more than 142 feet.</b> While doing this, the following conditions must also taken into account, the possibility of unavailability of tunnel withdrawal by TN as happened during this year <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(an unsual event in FRL conditions)</i> and also the revised area capacity of the reservoir to accommodate the siltation in the live storage area.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In this context, it may be noted that in <st1:country-region w:st="on">United Kingdom</st1:country-region>, the PMF is 1 in 10,000 year flood and in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">United States of America</st1:place></st1:country-region> it is between 1 in 1000 to 1 in 3000 year flood. It is important to note that over a 50 year period of our life, there is a 1.5% chance of death in fatal car accident or the occurrence of a 3000 year flood. Hence the compromising done by CWC overlooking even the flood occurred just 60 years is not at all justifiable and admissible by Kerala.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">SUBSCRIBE TO:</div>James Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03819240981315257975noreply@blogger.com145tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6579033956501226254.post-26612099898222609112010-11-07T03:41:00.004+05:302011-12-07T13:01:43.400+05:30Mullaperiyar Dam - A Permanent Threat to Kerala<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><h1 style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></span></h1><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><div class="photo photo_none" style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div class="photo_img" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><img class="img" height="300" src="http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs230.snc1/7721_1190727741027_1613388791_528569_4182949_n.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="400" /></span></div><div class="caption" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #666666; line-height: 12px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">View of the Mullaperiyar dam and the famous Thekkady lake</span></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; line-height: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-size: large; line-height: 16px;"></span></span></b></span></div><h2 style="color: #333333; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><h2 style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Lease Deed of 1886 and Supplemental Agreement</span></h2><div style="font-weight: normal;"><h2 style="color: #333333; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></h2></div></span></h2><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-size: large; line-height: 16px;"></span></span></b></span></div><div style="display: inline !important; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">A lease deed was executed in 1886 between the Maharaja of Travancore and the Secretary of the State for India, for irrigation works by the Madras Presidency for diverting all waters of Periyar River of Kerala flowing into the land bounded by a contour line of 155 ft above the deepest point of the bed of the Periyar river to Vaigai basin for a period of 999 years. Two supplemental agreements were executed in 1970 by the successor Governments of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. As per the first supplement agreement, the lease rent was enhanced from Rs.5 per acre to Rs.30 per acre with a provision to revise the same in every 30 years. The second one permitted Tamil Nadu to generate electricity using the waters of Mullaperiyar.</span><br />
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<div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><h2 style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Mullaperiyar Dam</span></h2><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: 24px;">The 155 ft high Mullaperiyar dam is a composite gravity dam built during the period 1887–1895. The front and rear faces of the dam are built with uncoursed rubble masonry in lime surkhi mortar. The hearting, which accounts for 62% of the volume of dam, is constructed of lime surkhi concrete. This dam was constructed at a time when the dam technology was in its infancy and hence does not meet the modern requirements of design and construction. The major deficiencies are the following:</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">• Earthquake and Uplift forces were not considered in the design of the dam</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">• No drilling and grouting were done to strengthen the foundation of the dam</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">• No drainage gallery was provided in the dam body</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">• Transverse contraction joints were not provided in the dam</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><h2 style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Deterioration of the Dam due to continuous leaching of lime</span></h2><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Distress started developing in the form of wetness and seepage on the downstream face of the dam from initial filling onwards. Seepages through the body of the dam increased continuously causing fear in the minds of British engineers. For controlling the seepage, the authorities treated the upstream face of the dam by guniting and the inside dam body by grouting. Guniting was done on the upstream face above 112 feet during the period 1930–1935. Cement grouting work was carried out on two occasions, viz, 1922-1935 and 1961-1965. The total quantity of cement consumed during these two grouting operations was 543 tonnes. Records show that lime leached out from the body of the dam during its life till date is many times more than the above quantity. The leaching has naturally reduced the density of the materials and hence the total weight of the dam.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">As can be seen now, in many areas on the upstream face of the dam plastering has peeled off and mortar in the joints of rubble masonry washed away exposing hollow spaces. The condition of the upstream face below 112 ft where no guniting could be carried out due to the continuous presence of water would be much worse than this.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://photos-c.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs210.snc1/7721_1190728861055_1613388791_528572_3595387_a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" class="img" height="300" src="http://photos-c.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs210.snc1/7721_1190728861055_1613388791_528572_3595387_a.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="400" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">a horizontal crack in the top of the dam</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></span></div><h2 style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Strengthening carried out during 1980s</span></h2><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: 24px;">In spite of the guniting and grouting operations in 1960s, seepage through the body of the dam continued. The deteriorated condition of the dam alarmed the people living downstream. A deep fear psychosis developed in their minds. Government of Kerala approached Government of India and apprised them of the grave situation.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Government of India sent a team headed by the Chairman, CWC for inspecting and evaluating the safety of the dam, in 1979. Having realised the seriousness of the situation, the team gave directions to lower the Full Reservoir Level (FRL) of the reservoir forthwith to 136 ft. The team also recommended to study the possibility of locating a suitable site downstream of the existing dam for constructing a new dam. The other strengthening measures recommended by them included cable anchoring, RCC capping on the top, enhancing the spillway capacity and providing a concrete backing on the downstream side of the existing dam.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">In 1979 itself a joint team of engineers of Kerala and Tamil Nadu located a technically suitable site for a new dam 1300 ft downstream of the present dam where a new dam could be constructed without endangering the safety of the old one. However, for reasons unknown, this proposal was not pursued. Instead Tamil Nadu proceeded with the strengthening measures, may be then intended as a temporary arrangement.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Government of Kerala took a firm and reasonable stand right from 1980 onwards that the FRL of the reservoir should be maintained only at 136 ft even after carrying out the strengthening works as that would not impart the old structure its original strength. This was conveyed to Government of India and Tamil Nadu many a time. But discarding this technically correct stand, the Central Water Commission(CWC) issued a Memorandum on Rehabilitation of Mullaperiyar Dam (1986) in which they recommended the raising of water level to 152 ft after completion of all the strengthening measures advocated.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><h2 style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Litigation in the Hon’ble Supreme Court</span></h2><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">In 1997-98, various writ petitions were filed before Kerala and Madras High Courts regarding the issue of water level to be maintained in the Mullaperiyar reservoir. In August 1998, two transfer petitions were filed before the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India citing the possibility of conflicting orders from the two High Courts.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">During the hearing of the transfer petitions, Hon’ble Supreme Court desired in its order dated 28th April 2000 that the Minister of Water Resources might convene a meeting of the Chief Ministers of both the States, to amicably resolve the issue. Consequent to this, a meeting was held at New Delhi on 19th may 2000. But due to serious differences on the issue, no consensus could be reached. Finally, the Minister of Water Resources constituted an Expert Committee headed by Dr. B.K. Mittal, Member (D&R), CWC to go into the details of the safety of the dam and advise him on raising of water level in the reservoir.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Unfortunately, the composition of the Expert Committee and the Terms of Reference were fixed without any consultation with the Government of Kerala. Out of the seven members of the Expert Committee, three members were from CWC and two other experts were those having obligations to CWC. As such, it can be reasonably expected that the recommendations of the Committee will be only in line with the earlier stand of the CWC on this issue. This fact is confirmed by the contents of the Expert Committee Report.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">The Expert Committee submitted its final report in March 2001 to the Ministry of Water Resources recommending the raising of water level to 142 ft forthwith and to 152 ft after strengthening the baby dam, without giving due consideration to the valid points raised by the member representing Kerala in various Committee meetings.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">The Hon’ble Supreme Court of India relied on the Expert Committee Report and delivered its final judgement on 27th February 2006 allowing Tamil Nadu to raise the water level of Mullaperiyar reservoir to 142 ft forthwith.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><h2 style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Amendment Act of 2006</span></h2><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: 24px;">Meanwhile, the Kerala Legislature amended the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation Act, 2003 in March 2006. The amended Act listed 22 old dams situated in Kerala including Mullaperiyar dam, which are endangered due to their age, as scheduled dams and freezed their FRL to ensure the safety of the people living downstream.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Tamil Nadu challenged the Amendment Act of 2006 in its application to Mullaperiyar dam by filing an Original Suit before the Supreme Court. The Government of Kerala has already made arrangements to defend the case effectively. However, the concern over the safety of the structure of this old dam remains. Tamil Nadu views it as a purely legal issue. For the Government of Kerala, it is for discharging its basic responsibility of ensuring security to the lives and properties of millions of its people.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><h2 style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">PMF and flood routing studies done by CWC</span></h2><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Tamil Nadu had fixed the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) for Mullaperiyar as 2.12 lakh cusecs, which was endorsed by the Central Water Commission in their Memorandum on Rehabilitation of Mullaperiyar Dam (1986). As the recommended PMF was much lower than the recorded maximum flood of 1943, Kerala requested CWC to supply the workouts of arriving at the above figure to verify its correctness. But the response to the above request was negative.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Subsequently, Kerala managed to get the above details in April 2008 under the RTI Act. The flood routing studies of the CWC revealed that when the PMF impinges the reservoir at 136 ft, the water level would go up to 156.40 ft with one vent inoperative and 156.02 ft with all vents open. Hence, the Mullaperiyar dam would overflow even with the PMF of 2.12 lakh cusecs and as such the dam is hydraulically unsafe. It was quite unfortunate that to circumvent this, it was recommended to increase the height of the parapet wall of this old dam with reinforced concrete construction. This recommendation would increase the water pressure on the dam and increase the threat of failure during flood. Also any rise of water level above 155ft will be contravention of the lease deed of 1886.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><h2 style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">PMF studies done by IIT, Delhi</span></h2><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Government of Kerala entrusted Dr. A.K. Gosain of IIT, New Delhi to recommend the value of PMF applicable to Mullaperiyar reservoir and also to carry out flood routing studies. The Institute considered all relevant hydrological aspects and recommended a figure of 2.91 lakh cusecs as PMF instead of 2.12 lakh cusecs endorsed by the CWC. The Flood routing studies carried out revealed that when the PMF impinges the reservoir with water level at 136 ft, the reservoir level would go up to 159.42 ft with one vent inoperative and 158.67 ft with all vents open. Since the water level goes above the MWL of 155 ft and stays there for hours, IIT Delhi has declared that ‘Mullaperiyar dam is hydrologically unsafe’.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><h2 style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Seismic studies conducted by IISc, Bangalore and CESS, Trivandrum</span></h2><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Immediately after the occurrence of the earthquakes in December 2000 and January 2001 in the vicinity of the Mullaperiyar area, the Government of Kerala entrusted a team of scientists and engineers from IISc, Bangalore and CESS, Trivandrum to study the seismic activities in the area and to assess the seismic safety of the old Mullaperiyar dam. They found that the region is susceptible to earthquakes of intensity up to 6.5 in Richter scale. Having studied the structural condition of the old dam in detail, the team recommended that ‘it is not prudent to increase the water level in the Mullaperiyar dam from the existing level of 136 ft, under any circumstances’.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Even though Government of Kerala submitted this report before the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India at that time, they did not consider the above report relying on CWC’s submission that the analysis was done without considering site specific seismic parameters of the region. But it is worth noting that before reaching the conclusion that the dam is safe for earthquake forces, neither the CWC nor the Expert Committee considered the site specific seismic parameters applicable to Mullaperiyar region for finding out the seismic safety of the Mullaperiyar dam.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><h2 style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Site Specific Seismic Study and Dynamic Analysis done by IIT, Roorkee</span></h2><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">The Government of Kerala entrusted Dr. D.K. Paul of the Earthquake Engineering Department of IIT, Roorkee to carry out site specific seismic study for Mullaperiyar dam. The study conducted by IIT, Roorkee has concluded that the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) possible in Mullaperiyar region is of magnitude 6.5 in Richter scale and it produces a PGA of 0.21g at the site.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">CWC has taken an assumed value of 0.1g and the Expert Committee a value of 0.12g as the seismic parameter of the Mullaperiyar Dam. In the light of the site specific study by the IIT, Roorkee that the seismic parameter applicable to Mullaperiyar dam is 0.21g, the conclusion of CWC and the Expert Committee that Mullaperiyar dam is seismically safe on the basis of assumed lower parameters as above is not at all dependable and is thoroughly misleading.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; line-height: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-size: large; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px;"></span></span></b></span></div><div style="display: inline !important; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">The Detailed Structural Stability Analysis of IIT Roorkee clearly indicate the following:</span></span></div><ul style="font-weight: normal;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px;"><div style="display: inline !important; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">The Main Mullaperiyar Dam even under DBE condition (seismic co-efficient of 0.12g) under reservoir level of 136ft, the value of t<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">ensile stresses are found more than double the ultimate apparent seismic tensile stresses. The MCE condition makes the things much worse.</span></span></span></div></span></b></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px;"><div style="display: inline !important; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Even without earthquake forces, the Main Mullaperiyar Dam is unsafe for flood conditions (MWL) since the tensile stresses in the heel of the dam are found to be more than double the permissible apparent tensile stresses.</span></span></span></div></span></b></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px;"><div style="display: inline !important; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">In the normal operating conditions, the tensile stresses in the Mullaperiyar Dam at the heel are at the border level of the allowable stresses.</span></span></span></div></span></b></span></li>
</ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">IIT, Roorkee made the following recommendation finally, <i>"Based on the analysis, both Main Mullaperiyar Dam and Baby Dam are likely to undergo damage which may lead to failure under static plus earthquake condition and therefore needs serious attention."</i></span></span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></span><br />
<div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><h2 style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></h2><h2 style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Ageing is an irreversible process</span></h2><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></b></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: 24px;">No amount of rejuvenation by any means can perpetuate the 114 year old deteriorated Mullaperiyar dam. Ageing is a nonretrievable process in the case of water retaining structures also, as is the case with living objects. Mullaperiyar dam began to age sending a series of warning signals about its diminishing strength and capacity. There is a limit to the number of years one can keep dams in service through maintenance and strengthening measures. All over the world, citizens, Governments and organizations have begun to review the safety of their dams as per modern standards and design criteria. Hundreds of dams have already been dismantled or decommissioned in an attempt to allay the fears of the people living downstream and to ensure safety to their lives and properties.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">All over the world, citizens, Governments and organizations have begun to review the safety of their dams as per modern standards and design criteria and hundreds of dams have already been dismantled in an attempt to allay the fears of the people living downstream and to instill confidence in their minds. Rebuilding of a new dam below the old Victoria dam in Australia in 1981, when the old dam was found unsafe as per modern safety requirements is one of the many examples.</span><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://photos-h.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs230.snc1/7721_1190733061160_1613388791_528574_3765943_a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" class="img" height="300" src="http://photos-h.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs230.snc1/7721_1190733061160_1613388791_528574_3765943_a.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="400" /></span></a></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><h2 style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></span></span></h2><h2 style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Downstream deteriorated condition of the dam exposed when water level gone to 109 ft. No repairs can be done below this level since there is always water below this since 1895</span></span></span></h2><h2 style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></h2><h2 style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Economics of Mullaperiyar Waters</span></h2><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Tamil Nadu diverts annually an average of 21 TMC of water from the Mullaperiyar reservoir. Using the above waters, Tamil Nadu is presently irrigating a gross ayacut of 2.5 lakh acres and getting an annual return of around Rs.325 crores. Also, Tamil Nadu is generating electricity from the above waters to the tune of 490 Million Units per annum. Considering a minimum sale price of Rs.4 per unit of electricity, the annual income from power generation is about Rs.196 crores. Thus Tamil Nadu is reaping a total benefit of around Rs.521 crores per year from the Mullaperiyar waters.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Meanwhile, Government of Kerala receives an annual lease rent of Rs.2.58 lakhs per annum for an area of 8692.97 acres leased out to Tamil Nadu. The royalty which Kerala receives from power generation comes to Rs.7.67 lakhs per annum. Thus the total financial benefit to Kerala comes to only Rs. 10.25 lakhs per annum from the loss of Kerala’s own Mullaperiyar waters.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><div class="photo photo_none" style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div class="photo_img" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></div><div class="caption" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #666666; line-height: 12px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: left;"></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><h2 style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">New dam and Continued Supply of Water</span></h2><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">The Chairman, CWC as early as in 1979 recommended that the permanent solution to this issue is the construction of a new dam. This proposal was put forward by Government of Kerala during the meetings held at New Delhi chaired by the Union Minister for Water Resources and attended by the Chief Ministers of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Kerala has also assured Tamil Nadu that the continuous supply of water from Mullaperiyar will be maintained from the new dam for the needy farmers of the friendly neighbouring state in future also. This assurance of continued water release is already conveyed to the Government of India and the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India. But, for reasons unknown, this solution was not yet taken seriously and pursued by Tamil Nadu. So the Cabinet of Kerala State took a decision to construct a new dam, to avert the permanent threat that looms large over its millions of people.</span><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><div class="photo photo_none" style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div class="photo_img" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><img class="img" height="264" src="http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs230.snc1/7721_1190744701451_1613388791_528653_5257085_n.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="400" /></span></div><div class="caption" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #666666; line-height: 12px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">the public agitation for a new dam at Mullaperiyar by the people </span><br />
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</span></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><h2 style="color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Conclusion</span></h2><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><div style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">People of Kerala are always known for their magnanimity and good neighbourly attitude. They are keen to ensure continued supply of Mullaperiyar waters to the needy farmers of Tamil Nadu. But they cannot sacrifice their lives and properties while doing this. Mullaperiyar dam has to be there in the years to come if Tamil Nadu needs Mullaperiyar waters for their use. Judging from its present deteriorated condition and the various findings of experts in various specialties, the dam is a high risk structure which can fail at any time causing unimaginable havoc downstream. An old dam which does not satisfy modern technical standards has to be decommissioned well before its ultimate collapse. Visionary leaders and engineers should take timely decisions to dismantle such old risky structures and to replace them with modern constructions. With the goodwill and cooperation of the friendly Tamil Nadu and Government of India, we can hope that the new Mullaperiyar dam will become a reality in the immediate future itself.</span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">SUBSCRIBE TO:</div>James Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03819240981315257975noreply@blogger.com25